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		<title>The Expropriation of Antiquity: Western Travelers, Lycian Monuments, and the Origins of Ottoman Cultural Sovereignty</title>
		<link>http://journal.phaselis.org/2026/pha-0192</link>
		
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					<description><![CDATA[Antikitenin Gasp Edilişi: Batılı Seyyahlar, Lykia Anıtları ve Osmanlı Kültürel Egemenliğinin Kökenler GÜLSÜN ACAR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9498-1318 Abstract: Focusing on the geographies of Lycia, Pamphylia, and Cilicia, this article problematizes the 19th century expeditions of Western travelers and archaeologists (C. Fellows, T. A. B. Spratt, E. Forbes, E. T. Daniell, J. A. Schönborn and O. Benndorf). While ...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="kinciBalk"><span lang="EN-US"><em>Antikitenin Gasp Edilişi: Batılı Seyyahlar, Lykia Anıtları ve Osmanlı Kültürel Egemenliğinin Kökenler</em></span></p>
<p><strong>GÜLSÜN ACAR</strong><br />
<sub><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9498-1318"><img decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-3003" src="http://journal.phaselis.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ORCID_mini.png" alt="" width="14" height="14" /> https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9498-1318</a></sub></p>
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<p><strong><em>PHASELIS</em> XII (2026) 15-49<br />
</strong><strong>DOI</strong>: <a href="https://zenodo.org/records/19466432">10.5281/zenodo.19466432</a><br />
<strong>Geliş Tarihi</strong>: 08.01.2026 | <strong>Kabul Tarihi</strong>: 17.03.2026<br />
<strong>Elektronik Yayın Tarihi</strong>: 09.04.2026</p>
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Abstract</strong>: Focusing on the geographies of Lycia, Pamphylia, and Cilicia, this article problematizes the 19th century expeditions of Western travelers and archaeologists (C. Fellows, T. A. B. Spratt, E. Forbes, E. T. Daniell, J. A. Schönborn and O. Benndorf). While traditionally framed as scientific progress and the preservation of universal heritage, these missions are analyzed through an epistemological and ontological perspective to expose their underlying extractive nature. The study examines the transition from romantic antiquarianism to multidisciplinary topographic archaeology, driven by cartography, visibility analyses, and epigraphic documentation. It argues that massive logistical extractions, such as the transfers of the Trysa Heroon to Vienna and the Nereid Monument to the British Museum, constituted ontological ruptures. These events necessitated a reconstruction of cultural property perception within the Ottoman Empire. Grounded in primary travelogues and unexplored documents from the Ottoman Archives (BOA), the research demonstrates how this evolved into a bureaucratic and legal reflex of sovereignty, culminating in the 1884 Antiquities Regulation (<em>Âsâr-ı Atîka Nizamnâmesi</em>) under Osman Hamdi Bey. Ultimately, the article exposes the historical conflict between metropolitan museums severing objects from their contexts and the emerging Ottoman ideal of in situ preservation, showing how Western exploration paradoxically catalyzed Ottoman cultural independence.</p>
<p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Archaeological Historiography, 19th Century Travelers, Lycian Studies, Cultural Property, Ottoman Antiquities Legislation</p>
<div class="divider top" style="border-color:rgba(194,205,216,1);padding-top:5px;margin-bottom:30px;border-bottom-width:1px"><a href="#">Top</a></div>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Öz</strong>: Pamphylia ve Kilikia coğrafyalarına odaklanan bu makale, 19. yüzyıl Batılı seyyah ve arkeologlarının (C. Fellows, T. A. B. Spratt, E. Forbes, E. T. Daniell, J. A. Schönborn ve O. Benndorf) keşif faaliyetlerini sorunsallaştırmaktadır. Geleneksel olarak bilimsel ilerleme ve evrensel mirasın korunması çerçevesinde ele alınan bu misyonlar, temelindeki kaynak aktarımcı doğayı ortaya koymak amacıyla epistemolojik ve ontolojik bir perspektifle analiz edilmektedir. Çalışma, haritacılık, görünürlük analizleri ve epigrafik belgeleme gibi yöntemlerin yönlendirdiği, romantik antikacılıktan multidisipliner topoğrafik arkeolojiye geçiş sürecini incelemektedir. Trysa Heroonu&#8217;nun Viyana&#8217;ya ve Nereidler Anıtı&#8217;nın British Museum&#8217;a taşınması gibi devasa lojistik operasyonların ontolojik kırılmalar yarattığı savunulmaktadır. Bu olaylar, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu&#8217;nda kültürel varlık algısının yeniden inşasını zorunlu kılmıştır. Birincil seyahatnameler ve Osmanlı Arşivi (BOA) belgelerine dayanan araştırma, söz konusu sürecin, Osman Hamdi Bey öncülüğünde 1884 <em>Âsâr-ı Atîka Nizamnâmesi</em> ile zirveye ulaşan bürokratik ve hukuki bir egemenlik refleksine nasıl dönüştüğünü göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak makale, metropol müzelerinin nesneyi bağlamından koparma eylemi ile Osmanlı&#8217;nın filizlenen in situ koruma ideali arasındaki tarihsel çatışmayı gözler önüne sermekte; Batılı keşif faaliyetlerinin paradoksal bir şekilde Osmanlı&#8217;nın kültürel bağımsızlığını nasıl hızlandırdığını ortaya koymaktadır.</p>
<p><strong>Anahtar Kelimeler: </strong>Arkeoloji Tarihyazımı, 19. Yüzyıl Seyyahları, Lykia Araştırmaları, Kültürel Varlık, Osmanlı Âsâr-ı Atîka Mevzuatı</p>
<p>Analiz</p>
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<p><a name="refs"></a><div class="tabs_container"><ul class="tabs"><li><a href="#">Referanslar</a></li><li><a href="#">Makale Atıf Düzeni</a></li><li><a href="#">Makaleye Direkt Link</a></li><li><a href="#">Yazar(lar) Hakkında</a></li></ul><div class="panes"><div class="pane"><p>Acar G. 2020, <em>Batılı Seyyahların Gözüyle Likya: Keşif, Algı ve Siyaset</em> [Lycia Through the Eyes of Western Travelers: Exploration, Perception, and Politics]. İstanbul.</p>
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<p>Benndorf, Otto &amp; George Niemann, 1889, <em>Das Heroon von Gjölbaschi-Trysa.</em> Wien: Adolf Holzhausen. <a href="https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/trysa1889">https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/trysa1889</a>.</p></div><div class="pane"><p>Acar G. 2026, “The Expropriation of Antiquity: Western Travelers, Lycian Monuments, and the Origins of Ottoman Cultural Sovereignty”. <em>Phaselis</em> XII, 15-49. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19466432">10.5281/zenodo.19466432</a></p></div><div class="pane"><p><a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19466432">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19466432</a></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p></div><div class="pane"><p><strong>Gülsün ACAR<br />
</strong>PhD Cand., Akdeniz University, Mediterranean Civilizations Research Institute, Department of Mediterranean Antiquity Studies, Antalya, gulsunacar952@gmail.com | <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9910-9492">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9910-9492</a></p>
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		<title>Bronze Statuettes and a Scale Weight from Andriake, The Port of Myra</title>
		<link>http://journal.phaselis.org/2026/pha-0191</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Phaselis_Journal]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 07 Apr 2026 10:14:25 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[2026]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://journal.phaselis.org/?p=6016</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Myra’nın Limanı Andriake’den Ele Geçen Bronz Heykelcikler ve Terazi Ağırlığı SEMA TALU https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9910-9492 Abstract: The present study examines two bronze statuettes, two bases, and a bust-shaped scale weight recovered together from a structure identified as a glass workshop, located north of the Plakoma/Agora in Andriake, the port of Myra. The presence of scale sets among ...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="kinciBalk"><span lang="EN-US"><em>Myra’nın Limanı Andriake’den Ele Geçen Bronz Heykelcikler ve Terazi Ağırlığı</em></span></p>
<p><strong>SEMA TALU</strong><br />
<sub><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9910-9492"><img decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-3003" src="http://journal.phaselis.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ORCID_mini.png" alt="" width="14" height="14" /> https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9910-9492</a></sub></p>
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<p><strong><em>PHASELIS</em> XII (2026) 1-13<br />
</strong><strong>DOI</strong>: <a href="https://zenodo.org/records/18230432">10.5281/zenodo.18230432</a><br />
<strong>Geliş Tarihi</strong>: 01.01.2026 | <strong>Kabul Tarihi</strong>: 15.03.2026<br />
<strong>Elektronik Yayın Tarihi</strong>: 06.04.2026</p>
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<p data-wp-editing="1"><a href="http://journal.phaselis.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/info.jpg" class="wp_lightbox" rel="post_6016"><img decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-44" src="http://journal.phaselis.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/info.jpg" alt="info" width="18" height="18" /></a>  <b><a href="http://journal.phaselis.org/2025/pha-0191#refs">Referanslar</a></b></p>

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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Abstract</strong>: The present study examines two bronze statuettes, two bases, and a bust-shaped scale weight recovered together from a structure identified as a glass workshop, located north of the Plakoma/Agora in Andriake, the port of Myra. The presence of scale sets among the finds indicates that the premises also functioned as a commercial shop. The discussed assemblage consists of a statuette of Aphrodite and an ithyphallic dwarf/pygmy, along with two bases of different forms and a scale weight in the shape of Silenos. Evaluations based on analogy and stylistic analysis reveal that the finds date to the Roman Imperial Period. The discovery of these statuettes in a context associated with both glass production and probable commercial transactions is of significant importance, as it demonstrates the manifestation of religious beliefs within commercial spheres and reflects the cultural fabric of the period.</p>
<p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Myra, Andriake, Bronze Statuettes, Roman Period</p>
<div class="divider top" style="border-color:rgba(194,205,216,1);padding-top:5px;margin-bottom:30px;border-bottom-width:1px"><a href="#">Top</a></div>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Öz</strong>: Bu çalışmada, Myra&#8217;nın liman mahallesi Andriake&#8217;de, Plakoma/Agora&#8217;nın kuzeyinde yer alan ve bir cam atölyesi olarak tanımlanan yapıda bir arada ele geçen iki bronz heykelcik, iki kaide ve büst formunda bir terazi ağırlığı incelenmektedir. Buluntular arasında terazi takımlarının yer alması, söz konusu mekânın aynı zamanda ticari bir dükkân olarak da işlev gördüğüne işaret etmektedir. Bahsi geçen buluntu grubu; bir Aphrodite ve bir itifallik cüce/pigme heykelciğinin yanı sıra, farklı formlara sahip iki kaide ile Silenos biçimli bir terazi ağırlığından oluşmaktadır. Analoji ve üslup kritiği yöntemleriyle yapılan değerlendirmeler, buluntuların Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi&#8217;ne tarihlendiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu heykelciklerin hem cam üretiminin hem de muhtemel ticari faaliyetlerin yürütüldüğü bir mekânda bulunması, dini inançların ticari alanlardaki yansımalarını göstermesi ve dönemin kültürel dokusuna ışık tutması bakımından büyük önem taşımaktadır.</p>
<p><strong>Anahtar Kelimeler: </strong>Myra, Andriake, Bronz Heykelcikler, Roma Dönemi</p>
<p>Analiz</p>
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<p><a name="refs"></a><div class="tabs_container"><ul class="tabs"><li><a href="#">Referanslar</a></li><li><a href="#">Makale Atıf Düzeni</a></li><li><a href="#">Makaleye Direkt Link</a></li><li><a href="#">Yazar(lar) Hakkında</a></li></ul><div class="panes"><div class="pane"><p class="Kaynaka">Acara-Eser M. 2009, “Ankara Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi’ndeki Bizans Maden Eserleri: Ağırlıklar ve Haçlar”. Ed. A. O. Alp, <i>Ebru Parman’a Armağan</i>. Ankara, 175-189.</p>
<p class="Kaynaka">Bilgi H. 2004, “Bizans Dönemi”. Ed. Ö. Bilgi, <i>Anadolu Dökümün Beşiği</i>. İstanbul, 147-173.</p>
<p class="Kaynaka">Boucher S. 1976, Recherches sur les bronzes figurés de Gaule pré-romaine et romaine. Rome.</p>
<p class="Kaynaka">Bürge M., Reusser C., Heinimann A. &amp; Deschler-Erb E. 2013, <i>Göttlich Menschlich – Römische Bronzen aus der Schweiz</i>. Zurich.</p>
<p class="Kaynaka">Dasen V. 1990, “Dwarfs in Athens”. <i>Oxford Journal of Archaeology</i> 9/2, 191-207.</p>
<p class="Kaynaka">Dasen V. 1993, <i>Dwarfs in Ancient Egypt and Greece</i>. Oxford.</p>
<p class="Kaynaka">Eğilmez E. 2021, <i>Kayseri Arkeoloji Müzesi’nde Bulunan Bronz Figürinler</i>. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi. Erzurum.</p>
<p class="Kaynaka">Faider Feytmans G. 1979, <i>Les Bronzes Romains de Belgique</i>. Mainz.</p>
<p class="Kaynaka">Işıkgör C. B. 2024, <i>Hatay Arkeoloji Müzesinden Bir Grup Metal Figürin</i>. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi. Erzurum.</p>
<p class="Kaynaka">Kaufmann-Heinimann, A. 1998, <i>Götter und Lararien aus Augusta Raurica; Herstellung, Fundzusammenhänge und sakrale Funktion figürliger Bronzen in einer Römischen Stadt</i>. Augst.</p>
<p class="Kaynaka">Meriçboyu Y. &amp; Atasoy S. 1983, <i>İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzesindeki Büst Şeklinde Kantar Ağırlıkları</i>. İstanbul.</p>
<p class="Kaynaka">Müller O., Auge Chr. and Gisler J. R. 1974. <i>Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae</i> (LIMC) 2. Aphrodisias-Athena. Zurich and Munich.</p>
<p class="Kaynaka">Reinach S. 1913, <i>Répertoire de la Statuaire Grecque et Romaine</i>. Tome II Vol. I. Paris.</p>
<p class="Kaynaka">Richter G. M. A. 1915, <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Greek, Etruscan and Roman Bronzes</i>. New York.</p>
<p class="Kaynaka">Ritter S. 1994, <i>Die Antiken Bronzen im Römisch-Germanischen Museum Köln</i>. Berlin.</p>
<p class="Kaynaka">Stoner L. B. 2015, “A Bronze Hellenistic Dwarf in the Metropolitan Museum”. <i>Metropolitan Museum Journal</i> 50, 92-101.</p>
<p class="Kaynaka">Tekin O. 2015, <i>Ege Dünyasında Terazi Ağırlıkları: Klasik ve Hellenistik Dönemler</i>. İstanbul.</p>
<p class="Kaynaka">van Dijk M. 2015, <i>De Venus van Heerde. Romeins mysteria aan de Ijssel</i> (Propedeuse scriptie Kunstgeschiedenis, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen). Nijmegen.</p>
<p class="Kaynaka"><b>Electronic Sources</b></p>
<p class="Kaynaka" style="text-align: left;" align="left">Harvard Art Museums Online Collection. Source: <a href="https://harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/303887">https://harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/303887</a></p>
<p class="Kaynaka" style="text-align: left;" align="left">Lot Art Online Auction Catalogue. Source: <a href="https://www.lot-art.com/auction-lots/Roman-Bronze-Ithyphallic-Dwarf-Figure-Priapus/24-roman_bronze_ithyphallic-08.7.21-artemi">https://www.lot-art.com/auction-lots/Roman-Bronze-Ithyphallic-Dwarf-Figure-Priapus/24-roman_bronze_ithyphallic-08.7.21-artemi</a></p>
<p class="Kaynaka" style="text-align: left;" align="left">Lyon, Lugdunum Musée et Théatres Romains. Source: <a href="https://lugdunum.grandlyon.com/fr/Oeuvre/3099-statuette-ithyphallique-Silene-">https://lugdunum.grandlyon.com/fr/Oeuvre/3099-statuette-ithyphallique-Silene-</a></p>
<p class="Kaynaka" style="text-align: left;" align="left">Metropolitan Museum of Art Online Collection. Source: <a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/246687">https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/246687</a></p>
<p class="Kaynaka" style="text-align: left;" align="left">Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest Online Collection. Source: <a href="https://www.mfab.hu/artworks/7294/">https://www.mfab.hu/artworks/7294/</a></p>
<p class="Kaynaka" style="text-align: left;" align="left">The Walters Art Museum Online Collection: 54.1115. Source: <a href="https://art.thewalters.org/object/54.1115/">https://art.thewalters.org/object/54.1115/</a></p></div><div class="pane"><p>Talu S. 2026, “Bronze Statuettes and a Scale Weight from Andriake, The Port of Myra”. <em>Phaselis</em> XII, 1-13. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18230432">10.5281/zenodo.18230432</a></p></div><div class="pane"><p><a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18230432">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18230432</a></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p></div><div class="pane"><p><strong>Sema TALU<br />
</strong>PhD Cand, Akdeniz University, Institute of Social Sciences, Archaeology Department, talusema@gmail.com | <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9910-9492">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9910-9492</a></p>
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		<title>Beyond Typology: Compositional Analysis of Grave Goods from Tralleis Western Necropolis Using Portable XRF Spectrometry</title>
		<link>http://journal.phaselis.org/2025/pha-0184</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Phaselis_Journal]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 12:20:23 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[2025]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://journal.phaselis.org/?p=5972</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Tipolojinin Ötesinde: Tralleis Batı Nekropolü Mezar Eşyalarının Taşınabilir XRF Spektrometrisi ile Bileşimsel Analizi Arzu ÖZVER https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4211-4933 Salih SOSLU https://orcid.org/0000-0003- 2045-116X Abstract: The archaeological study of necropoleis has traditionally relied on typological and stylistic analyses, often lacking comprehensive archaeometric investigations that could provide deeper insights into ancient material culture, production technologies, and socio-economic networks. This study ...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="kinciBalk"><span lang="EN-US"><em>Tipolojinin Ötesinde: Tralleis Batı Nekropolü Mezar Eşyalarının Taşınabilir XRF Spektrometrisi ile Bileşimsel Analizi</em></span></p>
<p><strong>Arzu ÖZVER</strong><br />
<sub><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4211-4933"><img decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-3003" src="http://journal.phaselis.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ORCID_mini.png" alt="" width="14" height="14" /> https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4211-4933</a></sub></p>
<p><b>Salih SOSLU</b><br />
<sub><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003- 2045-116X"><img decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-3003" src="http://journal.phaselis.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ORCID_mini.png" alt="" width="14" height="14" /> https://orcid.org/0000-0003- 2045-116X</a></sub></p>
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<p><strong><em>PHASELIS</em> XI (2025) 57-73<br />
</strong><strong>DOI</strong>: 10.5281/zenodo.17373258<br />
<strong>Geliş Tarihi</strong>: 10.07.2025 | <strong>Kabul Tarihi</strong>: 15.08.2025<br />
<strong>Elektronik Yayın Tarihi</strong>: 17.10.2025</p>
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Abstract</strong>: The archaeological study of necropoleis has traditionally relied on typological and stylistic analyses, often lacking comprehensive archaeometric investigations that could provide deeper insights into ancient material culture, production technologies, and socio-economic networks. This study addresses this methodological gap by presenting an interdisciplinary archaeometric investigation of grave goods excavated in 2017 from the Western Necropolis of the of Tralleis, located in the Kemer neighborhood of Efeler district, Aydın province. Despite the archaeological significance of Tralleis as a major Hellenistic and Roman urban center in western Anatolia, systematic scientific analyses of its necropolis assemblages have remained conspicuously absent from scholarly discourse. Employing portable X-ray Fluorescence (p-XRF) spectrometry, this research examines a representative corpus of funerary deposits recovered from chamber tombs, stone cist tombs, tile graves, pithos burials, and cremation urns. The analytical protocol encompasses both ceramic artifacts—including lamps, lykion vessels, situlae, jugs, and transport amphorae—and metal objects such as mirrors, bracelets, and rings. The p-XRF analyses yield critical data concerning compositional characteristics, clay provenance, firing technologies, and alloy compositions, thereby illuminating aspects of craft specialization, trade networks, and ritual practices. This investigation represents the first comprehensive archaeometric study of Tralleis necropolis material, transcending conventional descriptive approaches through the integration of advanced analytical methodologies. The findings contribute significantly to our understanding of mortuary practices, technological traditions, and regional exchange systems in ancient Caria during the Hellenistic and Roman periods.</p>
<p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Tralleis, p-XRF Analysis, Necropolis Assemblages, Ceramic Archaeometry, Metallurgical Analysis</p>
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Öz</strong>: Nekropolis alanlarının arkeolojik incelemesi geleneksel olarak tipolojik ve stilistik analizlere dayanmakta, antik materyal kültürü, üretim teknolojileri ve sosyo-ekonomik ağlar hakkında daha derin içgörüler sağlayabilecek kapsamlı arkeometrik araştırmalardan yoksun kalmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Aydın ili Efeler ilçesi Kemer mahallesinde yer alan Tralleis’in Batı Nekropolis&#8217;inde 2017 yılında gerçekleştirilen kazılarda ele geçen mezar buluntularının disiplinlerarası arkeometrik incelemesini sunarak bu metodolojik boşluğu gidermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Tralleis&#8217;in Batı Anadolu&#8217;daki önemli bir Hellenistik ve Roma dönemi kent merkezi olmasına karşın, nekropolis buluntularının sistematik bilimsel analizleri akademik literatürde belirgin biçimde eksik kalmıştır. Taşınabilir X-ışını Floresan (p-XRF) spektrometrisi kullanılarak yürütülen bu araştırma, oda mezarlar, taş sanduka mezarlar, kiremit mezarlar, pithos gömüler ve kremasyon urnelerinden çıkarılan temsili bir cenaze buluntuları korpusunu incelemektedir. Analitik protokol, kandiller, lykion kapları, situlalar, testiler ve ticari amphoralar gibi seramik eserlerin yanı sıra aynalar, bilezikler ve yüzükler gibi metal nesneleri de kapsamaktadır. p-XRF analizleri, bileşimsel özellikler, kil kökeni, pişirme teknolojileri ve alaşım kompozisyonları hakkında kritik veriler sunarak zanaat uzmanlaşması, ticaret ağları ve ritüel uygulamaların çeşitli yönlerini aydınlatmaktadır. Bu araştırma, Tralleis nekropolis malzemesinin ilk kapsamlı arkeometrik çalışmasını temsil etmekte ve ileri analitik metodolojilerin entegrasyonu yoluyla geleneksel betimleyici yaklaşımları aşmaktadır. Bulgular, Hellenistik ve Roma dönemlerinde antik Karia Bölgesi’ndeki ölü gömme pratikleri, teknolojik gelenekler ve bölgesel değişim sistemlerinin anlaşılmasına önemli katkılar sağlamaktadır.</p>
<p><strong>Anahtar Kelimeler: </strong>Tralleis, p-XRF Analiz, Nekropol Buluntu Toplulukları, Seramik Arkeometrisi, Metalürjik</p>
<p>Analiz</p>
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</strong>Asst. Prof., Aydın University, The Faculty of Science and Literature, Department of Archaeology, arzuozver@adu.edu.tr | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4211-4933</p>
<p><strong>Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Salih SOSLU<br />
</strong>Asst. Prof., Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Faculty of Science and Literature, Department of Archaeology, ssoslu@mehmetakif.edu.tr |  https://orcid.org/0000-0003- 2045-116X</p></div></div></div>
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		<title>The Unusual Rise of the Doric Order: Reassessing Architectural Preferences in Western Anatolia through the Case of Metropolis</title>
		<link>http://journal.phaselis.org/2025/pha-0183</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Phaselis_Journal]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 11:46:18 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[2025]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://journal.phaselis.org/?p=5953</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Dor Düzeninin Sıradışı Yükselişi: Metropolis Örneğinde Batı Anadolu’da Mimari Tercihlerin Yeniden Değerlendirilmesi Onur GÜLBAY https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6348-0908 Abstract: When we compare the Doric architectural order with the Ionic and Corinthian orders, it is understood that it is a less common architectural order in Western Anatolia. The Doric order begins to be seen in Western Anatolia with the ...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="kinciBalk"><span lang="EN-US"><em>Dor Düzeninin Sıradışı Yükselişi: Metropolis Örneğinde Batı Anadolu’da Mimari Tercihlerin Yeniden Değerlendirilmesi</em></span></p>
<p><strong>Onur GÜLBAY</strong><br />
<sub><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6348-0908"><img decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-3003" src="http://journal.phaselis.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ORCID_mini.png" alt="" width="14" height="14" /> https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6348-0908</a></sub></p>
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<p><strong><em>PHASELIS</em> XI (2025) 43-55<br />
</strong><strong>DOI</strong>: 10.5281/zenodo.17144804<br />
<strong>Geliş Tarihi</strong>: 24.06.2025 | <strong>Kabul Tarihi</strong>: 10.07.2025<br />
<strong>Elektronik Yayın Tarihi</strong>: 17.09.2025</p>
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Abstract</strong>: When we compare the Doric architectural order with the Ionic and Corinthian orders, it is understood that it is a less common architectural order in Western Anatolia. The Doric order begins to be seen in Western Anatolia with the Archaic Period, as in continental Greece. However, it does not become as widespread as in continental Greece and Italy. Metropolis is one of the cities that used the Doric architectural order intensively during the Hellenistic Period, as in other cities of Western Anatolia. The most important buildings in the city such as the Sanctuary of Ares, the Sanctuary of Zeus Krezimos, the Theatre (<em>Proskenion </em>1st Story), the Bouleuterion, the Stoa and the Trade Building? were built in the Doric order. The intensive use of this design in Metropolis during the Hellenistic Period is remarkable. This situation can be explained in three ways. According to the first interpretation, the Doric architectural order was transferred from mainland Greece to Metropolis through the interaction and eventual assimilation between the local inhabitants and Greek colonists, especially during the 8th to 6th centuries BCE. An alternative interpretation posits that the Doric architectural order was adopted in Metropolis due to its relative simplicity of execution compared to the Ionic and Corinthian orders, potentially contributing to its popularity in the region. Another perspective suggests that the preference for the Doric order may have carried a political connotation—particularly during the Hellenistic period—serving as a symbolic stance against Athenian influence.</p>
<p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Metropolis, Doric Order, Triglyph-Metope, Geison-Sima, Mutulus-Guttae</p>
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Öz</strong>: Dor mimari düzenini Ion ve Korinth düzenleriyle kıyasladığımızda Batı Anadolu’da daha az oranda karşılaşılan bir mimari düzen olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Dor düzeni Kıta Yunanistan’da olduğu gibi Arkaik Dönem’le birlikte Batı Anadolu’da görülmeye başlar. Fakat Kıta Yunanistan ve İtalya’da olduğu kadar yaygınlaşmaz. Metropolis diğer Batı Anadolu kentlerinde olduğu gibi Hellenistik Dönem içinde Dor mimari düzenini yoğun olarak kullan kentlerden biridir. Kentteki en önemli yapılar olan Ares Kutsal Alanı, Zeus Krezimos Kutsal Alanı, Tiyatro (Proskenion 1. Kat), Bouleuterion, Stoa ve Ticaret Yapısı? Dor düzeninde inşa edilmişlerdir. Metropolis’te bu tasarımın Hellenistik Dönem’de yoğun oranda kullanımı dikkat çekicidir. Bu durum üç şekilde açıklanabilir. Birincisi Metropolis’te yaşayan yerel hakların Hellas’tan gelen kolonilestlerle özelikle de MÖ 8-6. yüzyıllarda karışmaları sonucunda bu mimari düzenin Kıta Yunanistan’dan getirildiği düşüncesidir. Alternatif bir yorum, Dor düzeninin Ion ve Korinth düzenlerine kıyasla uygulanmasının göreli olarak daha kolay olması nedeniyle Metropolis’te benimsendiğini ve bu durumun bölgede söz konusu mimari düzenin yaygınlık kazanmasına katkı sağlamış olabileceğini öne sürmektedir. Bir diğer bakış açısı ise, özellikle Hellenistik Dönem’de, Dor düzenine yönelimin Atina etkisine karşı simgesel bir duruş sergileyen siyasi bir anlam taşıyabileceğini ileri sürmektedir.</p>
<p><strong>Anahtar Kelimeler:</strong>Metropolis, Dor Düzeni, Triglif-Metop, Geison-Sima, Mutulus-Guttae</p>
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<p><a name="refs"></a><div class="tabs_container"><ul class="tabs"><li><a href="#">Referanslar</a></li><li><a href="#">Makale Atıf Düzeni</a></li><li><a href="#">Makaleye Direkt Link</a></li><li><a href="#">Yazar(lar) Hakkında</a></li></ul><div class="panes"><div class="pane"><p>Arslan B. 2023, Metropolis Tiyatrosu. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi. İzmir. Arslan B. &amp; Aybek S. 2022, “Metropolis Tiyatrosu Sahne Binasının (Skene) Mimari Evreleri</p>
<p>Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”. Arkeoloji Dergisi XXVIII/1, 101-126.</p>
<p>Atila C. 2012, Metropolis Geometrik Dönem Seramiği. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi. İzmir.</p>
<p>Aybek S. 2018, “Metropolis’ten İki Komutan-Yönetici Heykeli Parçası”. SEFAD 39, 293-310.</p>
<p>Aybek S. &amp; Gülbay O. 2019, “The Cult of Zeus Krezimos at Metropolis Previous Observations on the Sacred Area and Cult”. BYZAS 24, 241-252.</p>
<p>Aybek S., Arslan B., Duman E. &amp; Balım Y. 2024, “Metropolis Arkeolojik Araştırmaları, 2022”. KST</p>
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<p>Bakke J. 2007, Forty Rivers. Landscape and Memory in the District of Ancient Tegea. Ph.D. diss.</p>
<p>University of Bergen, Norway.</p>
<p>Dreyer B. &amp; Engelmann H. 2003, Die Inschriften von Metropolis, Die Derkete für Apollonios: Städtische Politik unter den Attaliden und im Konflikt zwischen Aristonikos und Rom (Teil 1, Dr. Rudolf Halbert GMBH). Bonn.</p>
<p>Erder C. 1967, Hellenistik Devir Anadolu Mimarisinde Kyma Recta-Kyma Reversa. Ankara.</p>
<p>Ersoy A. 1998, Batı Anadolu Hellenistik Dönem Stoaları Işığında Metropolis Stoası. Ege</p>
<p>Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. İzmir.</p>
<p>Fochetti B. 2024, “Aspects of Continuity and Change in the Doric Order of the Province of Asia during the Imperial Period”. BYZAS 25, 120-122.</p>
<p>Gider Z. 2005, Lagina’daki Dor Mimarisi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Pamukkale</p>
<p>Üniversitesi. Denizli.</p>
<p>Gider-Büyüközer Z. 2013, Karia Bölgesi Dor Mimarisi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Selçuk</p>
<p>Üniversitesi. Konya.</p>
<p>Gider-Büyüközer Z. 2014, “Dorik Frizden Bir Detay: Triglif Kulakları”. OLBA XXII, 155-188.</p>
<p>Gider-Büyüközer Z. 2018,  “Dorik Geisonlarda Mutulus Plakaları ile Guttaenın Düzenlenişi”.</p>
<p>Arkhaia Anatolika Anadolu Arkeolojisi Araştırmaları Dergisi 1, 61-92.</p>
<p>Gider-Büyüközer Z. 2019, “Anadolu Dor Mimarisi: MÖ 4. Yüzyıl”. Arkhaia Anatolika 2, 102-165.</p>
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<p>Tommaso I. 2009, Hierapolis di Frigia III. Architettura Dorica a Hierapolis di Frigia. İstanbul. Jones M. W. 2001, “Doric Measure and Architectural Design 2: A Modular Reading of the</p>
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<p>Wulzinger K. 1946, “Das Rathaus von Herakleia am Latmos”. Antike Rathäuser. Studien zur Bauforschung, Heft 4. Berlin: Gebr. Mann. 22-33.</p></div><div class="pane"><p>O. Gülbay, “The Unusual Rise of the Doric Order: Reassessing Architectural Preferences in Western Anatolia through the Case of Metropolis”. <em>Phaselis</em> XI (2025) 43-55. 10.5281/zenodo.17144804</p></div><div class="pane"><p><a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17144804">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17144804</a></p></div><div class="pane"><p><strong>Doç. Dr. Onur GÜLBAY<br />
</strong>Doç. Dr., Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Letters, Department of Archaeology İzmir, onur.gulbay@deu.edu.tr | 0000-0002-6348-0908</p></div></div></div>
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		<title>An Ethnoarchaeological Study on Olive Cultivation and Olive Oil Production from the Prehistoric Period to the Present in Hatay: The Case of Tokaçlı</title>
		<link>http://journal.phaselis.org/2025/pha-0182</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Phaselis_Journal]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 05:50:49 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[2025]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://journal.phaselis.org/?p=5914</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Hatay&#8217;da Prehistorik Dönem&#8217;den Günümüze Zeytin Yetiştiriciliği ve Zeytinyağı Üretimine Yönelik Etnoarkeolojik Bir Çalışma Tokaçlı Örneği Hasan Onur TIBIKOĞLU https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7046-0094 Banu ÖZDİLEK https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5803-5386 Canan KARATAŞ YÜKSEL https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3964-8333 Abstract: The Levant Region, located at the northern end of Hatay, has been home to the wild olive tree, a common species of the Eastern Mediterranean’s natural vegetation, since ...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="kinciBalk"><span lang="EN-US"><em>Hatay&#8217;da Prehistorik Dönem&#8217;den Günümüze Zeytin Yetiştiriciliği ve Zeytinyağı Üretimine Yönelik Etnoarkeolojik Bir Çalışma Tokaçlı Örneği</em></span></p>
<p><strong>Hasan Onur TIBIKOĞLU</strong><br />
<sub><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7046-0094"><img decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-3003" src="http://journal.phaselis.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ORCID_mini.png" alt="" width="14" height="14" /> https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7046-0094</a></sub></p>
<p><strong>Banu ÖZDİLEK</strong><br />
<sub><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5803-5386"><img decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-3003" src="http://journal.phaselis.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ORCID_mini.png" alt="" width="14" height="14" /> https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5803-5386</a></sub></p>
<p><strong>Canan KARATAŞ YÜKSEL</strong><br />
<sub><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3964-8333"><img decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-3003" src="http://journal.phaselis.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ORCID_mini.png" alt="" width="14" height="14" /> https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3964-8333</a></sub></p>
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<p><strong><em>PHASELIS</em> XI (2025) 15-41<br />
</strong><strong>DOI</strong>: 10.5281/zenodo.16279304<br />
<strong>Geliş Tarihi</strong>: 12.05.2025 | <strong>Kabul Tarihi</strong>: 25.05.2025<br />
<strong>Elektronik Yayın Tarihi</strong>: 21.07.2025</p>
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Abstract</strong>: The Levant Region, located at the northern end of Hatay, has been home to the wild olive tree, a common species of the Eastern Mediterranean’s natural vegetation, since the Pleistocene. This region, key to humanity’s cultural development, is where olives were first cultivated during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Ages. Archaeological research reveals that olive cultivation and oil production were prominent economic activities, especially during the Roman Period. Maintaining its economic significance during the Ottoman era, olive production continues today in Altınözü, Yayladağı, and Samandağ, where olives are processed on the limestone plateau slopes. Modern olive oil production is industrialized, yet ancient methods are still practiced in some villages for personal consumption and to meet market demands for high-quality products. Rural areas host olive pressing devices either in private gardens or communal spaces. The transformation of olives into olive oil in Hatay reflects ancient technical practices, sociological production organization, and the agricultural society’s traditions and beliefs. In this context, Tokaçlı Village in Hatay is a significant traditional production area, providing valuable insights into the continuity of these practices.</p>
<p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Olive and Olive Oil, Hatay-Antakya-Tokaçlı Village, Ethnoarchaeology, Antiocheia ad Orontes, Tokaçlı Village</p>
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Öz</strong>: Hatay&#8217;ın kuzey ucunda yer aldığı Levant Bölgesi, Pleistosen çağdan bu yana Doğu Akdeniz&#8217;in doğal bitki örtüsünün yaygın türlerinden biri olan yabani zeytin ağacına sahipliği yapmaktadır. İnsanlığın kültürel gelişim sürecinde kilit bir role sahip olan bu bölge, aynı zamanda zeytin ağacının ilk kez yetiştirildiği yerdir. Araştırmalar, evcilleştirilmiş zeytinin ilk olarak Kalkolitik ve Erken Tunç Çağlarında bu bölgede yetiştirildiğini göstermektedir. Bölgede yapılan arkeolojik araştırmalar, özellikle Roma Dönemi&#8217;nde zeytin yetiştiriciliği ve zeytinyağı üretiminin yaygın bir ekonomik faaliyet olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Osmanlı döneminde de kent ekonomisi için önemini koruyan zeytin, günümüzde de Altınözü, Yayladağı ve Samandağ ilçelerini kapsayan kalker masif platonun tepe yamaçlarında işlenerek zeytinyağına dönüştürülmektedir. Modern zeytinyağı üretimi genellikle sanayileşmiş bir sistemle işlenmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra bazı köylerde yerleşimciler hem bireysel tüketimlerini karşılamak hem de pazarın kaliteli ürün talebi nedeniyle zeytinyağı üretiminde eski süreçleri takip etmektedir. Kırsal yerleşimlerde evlerde özel mülkiyete ait zeytin sıkma cihazları/mekanizmaları bulunmaktadır. Hatay&#8217;da zeytinin yetiştiricilikten zeytinyağına dönüşümü, antik dönemin teknik uygulamalarının yanı sıra sosyolojik örgütlenmenin üretimdeki rolü ve özellikle tarım toplumunun gelenek ve inançlarına dair kavrayışımızı genişletecek bir süreç izlemektedir. Bu bağlamda Hatay İli Altınözü İlçesi Tokaçlı Köyü önemli bir geleneksel üretim alanıdır.</p>
<p><strong>Anahtar Kelimeler:</strong>Zeytin-Zeytinyağı, Hatay-Antakya, Etnoarkeoloji, Antiocheia ad Orontes, Tokaçlı Köyü</p>
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<p>&nbsp;</p></div><div class="pane"><p>H.O. Tıbıkoğlu, B. Özdilek &amp; C. Karataş Yüksel,” An Ethnoarchaeological Study on Olive Cultivation and Olive Oil Production from the Prehistoric Period to the Present in Hatay: The Case of Tokaçlı” <em>Phaselis </em>XI (2025) 15-41. 10.5281/zenodo.16279304</p></div><div class="pane"><p><a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16279304">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16279304</a></p></div><div class="pane"><p><strong>Dr. Hasan Onur TIBIKOĞLU<br />
</strong>Dr., Archaeologist. tibikoglu@gmail.com |  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7046-0094</p>
<p><strong>Doç. Dr. Banu ÖZDİLEK<br />
</strong>Doç. Dr., Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Sciences and Literature, Department of Archaeology, Hatay. ozdilek.banu@gmail.com |  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5803-5386</p>
<p><strong>Dr. Canan KARATAŞ YÜKSEL<br />
</strong>Dr, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Sciences and Literature, Department of Archaeology, Hatay. canankaratas@gmail.com |  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3964-8333</p></div></div></div>
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		<title>Eine neue römische Straße und die angrenzenden Gräber in Kartalkayalar, Komana/Hierapolis (Şarköy)</title>
		<link>http://journal.phaselis.org/2025/pha-0190</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Phaselis_Journal]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 30 Dec 2025 17:03:25 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[2025]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://journal.phaselis.org/?p=5896</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Kartalkayalar, Komana/Hierapolis (Şarköy) Antik Kentinde Yeni Tespit Edilen Bir Roma Yolu ve Kıyısındaki Mezarlar Ferit BAZ https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0090-1004 Emre ERTEN https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5250-0304 Zusammenfassung: Die Hänge links neben der Straße, die von Şarköy aus zum Weiler Karadurdular führt, oberhalb des heutigen modernen Friedhofs von Şarköy,  werden Kartalkayalar genannt. Diese Hänge sind Teil einer antiken Nekropole von Komana. Viele ...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="kinciBalk"><span lang="EN-US"><em>Kartalkayalar, Komana/Hierapolis (Şarköy) Antik Kentinde Yeni Tespit Edilen Bir Roma Yolu ve Kıyısındaki Mezarlar</em></span></p>
<p><strong>Ferit BAZ</strong><br />
<sub><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0090-1004"><img decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-3003" src="http://journal.phaselis.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ORCID_mini.png" alt="" width="14" height="14" /> https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0090-1004</a></sub></p>
<p><strong>Emre ERTEN</strong><br />
<sub><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5250-0304"><img decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-3003" src="http://journal.phaselis.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ORCID_mini.png" alt="" width="14" height="14" /> https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5250-0304</a></sub></p>
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<p><strong><em>PHASELIS</em> XI (2025) 145-156<br />
</strong><strong>DOI</strong>: 10.5281/zenodo.18105093<br />
<strong>Geliş Tarihi</strong>: 10.11.2025 | <strong>Kabul Tarihi</strong>: 25.12.2025<br />
<strong>Elektronik Yayın Tarihi</strong>: 30.12.2025</p>
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Zusammenfassung</strong>: Die Hänge links neben der Straße, die von Şarköy aus zum Weiler Karadurdular führt, oberhalb des heutigen modernen Friedhofs von Şarköy,  werden Kartalkayalar genannt. Diese Hänge sind Teil einer antiken Nekropole von Komana. Viele Grabstätten mit und ohne Inschriften sind bis heute erhalten geblieben. Diese Inschriften werden in diesem Aufsatz zusammengestellt. Die Nekropole in Kartalkayalar wird durch einen mit Steinen gepflasterten Weg aus der römischen Kaiserzeit in zwei Hälften geteilt. An einigen Stellen sind noch Teile der Steinpflasterung zu sehen. Die Breite der identifizierbaren Straße variiert zwischen 3,5 und 4 m. In diesem Zusammenhang wird in dem Aufsatz auf die enge Verbindung zwischen den Straßen und Nekropolen in der Antike eingegangen.</p>
<p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Komana, Hierapolis, Şarköy, Kartalkayalar, Nekropol, Römische Strasse</p>
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Öz</strong>: Şarköy&#8217;den bugünkü Karadurdular mezrasına giden yolun sol tarafındaki, Şarköy&#8217;ün modern mezarlığının yukarısında kalan yamaçlar, Kartalkayalar olarak adlandırılır. Bu yamaçlar Komana antik kentinin bir nekropolis alanıdır. Burada yazıtlı ve yazıtsız birçok mezar günümüze ulaşmıştır. Söz konusu yazıtlar bu makalede derlenerek sunulmuştur. Kartalkayalar&#8217;daki nekropolis, Roma İmparatorluk döneminden kalma taş döşemeli bir yol tarafından iki yarıya bölünmüştür. Bazı yerlerde taş döşemenin parçaları hala görülebilmektedir. Tanımlanabilir yolun genişliği 3,5 ile 4 metre arasında değişmektedir. Bu bağlamda makalede, antikçağda yollar ve nekropolisler arasındaki sıkı ilişkiye değinilmektedir.</p>
<p><strong>Anahtar Kelimeler: </strong>Komana, Hierapolis, Şarköy, Kartalkayalar, Nekropol, Roma Yolu</p>
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<p><a name="refs"></a><div class="tabs_container"><ul class="tabs"><li><a href="#">Referanslar</a></li><li><a href="#">Makale Atıf Düzeni</a></li><li><a href="#">Makaleye Direkt Link</a></li><li><a href="#">Yazar(lar) Hakkında</a></li></ul><div class="panes"><div class="pane"><p>Arslan N. 2010, “Troas Bölgesi’ndeki Taşın Hayat Verdiği Kent Assos. 1881-2009 Yılları Arasındaki Kazılara Genel Bakış”. CollAn 9, 113-139.</p>
<p>Baz F. 2007, Die Inschriften von Komana (Hierapolis) in Kappadokien. İstanbul.</p>
<p>Baz F. 2016, “Zwei neue Meilensteine aus Kappadokien aus der Zeit des Maximinus Thrax”. Philia 2, 131-136.</p>
<p>Baz F. &amp; Erten E. 2025, “Zwei neue Freiluftheiligtümer von Zeus Patroos und Helios im Territorium der Stadt Hierapolis (Komana in Kappadokien)”. CollAn 24, (im Druck)</p>
<p>Cormack S. 1997, “Funerary Monuments and Mortuary Practice in Roman Asia Minor”. Ed. S. E. Alcock, The Early Roman Empire in the East. Oxford, 137-156.</p>
<p>Cormack S. 2004, The Space of the Death in Roman Asia Minor. Wien.</p>
<p>De Jerphanion, G &amp; Jalabert L. 1911, “Taurus et Cappadoce”. MUSJ 5, 1911, 311-328.</p>
<p>Eck W. 1987, “Römische Grabinschriften. Aussageabsicht und Aussagefähigkeit im funerären Kontext”. Eds. H. v. Hesberg &amp; P. Zanker Römische Gräberstraßen. Selbstdarstellung-Status-Standard. Kolloquium in München vom 28. Bis 30. Oktober 1985. München, 61-83.</p>
<p>Eck W. 1998, “Grabmonumente und sozialer Status in Rom und Umgebung”. Eds. P. Fasold, Th. Fischer, H. v. Hesberg &amp; M. Witteyer, Bestattungssitte und kulturelle Identität. Grabanlagen und Grabbeigaben der frühen römischen Kaiserzeit in Italien und den Nord-West-Provinzen. Köln, 29-40.</p>
<p>Eroğlu M. &amp; Sezgin Y. 2020, “New Research on the Architecture and Urbanism of Aigai (Aiolis)”. Eds. Y. Sezgin &amp; M. Eroğlu, Architecture and Urbanism in Ancient Aiolis: Proceedings of the International Conference from 7th–9th April 2017 in Çanakkale. Bonn, 245-266.</p>
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<p>Hesberg H.v. &amp; Zanker P. 1987, Römische Gräberstraßen. Selbstdarstellung-Status-Standard. Kolloquium in München vom 28. Bis 30. Oktober 1985. München.</p>
<p>I.Anazarbos. M. H. Sayar (Hg.), Die Inschriften von Anazarbos und Umgebung 1. Bonn, 2000.</p>
<p>I.Byzantion. A. Łajtar (Hg.), Die Inschriften von Byzantion Teil 1. Bonn, 2000.</p>
<p>I.Smyrna.  G. Petzl (Hg.), Die Inschriften von Smyrna. Teil II,1. Bonn, 1987.</p>
<p>I.Tyana. D. Berges &amp; J. Nollé (Hg.), Tyana. Archäologisch-historische Untersuchungen zum südwestlichen Kappadokien Teil 1-2. Bonn, 2000.</p>
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<p>Öztürk H. S., Öztürk E. D. 2021, “Two New Inscriptions from the Western Necropolis of Nikomedeia”. Libri 7, 203-211.</p>
<p>Öztürk H. S. 2022, Nikaia: Egemenlik Alanı Epigrafik-Tarihi, Coğrafya Araştırmaları, I: Osmaneli/Lefke (Bilecik). İstanbul.</p>
<p>Waddington W. H. 1883, “Inscriptions de la Cataonie”. BCH 7, 125-148.</p>
<p>Wenn C. C., Ahrens S. &amp; Brandt J. R. 2017, “Romans, Christians, and Pilgrims at Hierapolis in Phrygia: Changes in Funerary Practices and Mental Processes”. Eds. J. R. Brandt, E. Hagelberg, G. Bjørnstad &amp; S. Ahrens, Life and Death in Asia Minor in Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Times, Studies in Archaeology and Bioarchaeology. Oxford-Philadelphia, 196-216.</p>
<p>Yılmaz N. 2007, “Necropoleis and Funerary Monuments in Pisidia during the Roman Period”. Adalya 10, 155-204.</p>
<p>Zgusta L. 1964, Kleinasiatische Personennamen. Prag.</p></div><div class="pane"><p>Baz  F. &amp; Erten E. 2025, “Eine neue römische Straße und die angrenzenden Gräber in Kartalkayalar, Komana/Hierapolis (Şarköy)”. <em>Phaselis</em> XI, 145-156. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18105093</p></div><div class="pane"><p><a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18105093">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18105093</a></p></div><div class="pane"><p><strong>Prof. Dr. Ferit BAZ<br />
</strong>Prof. Dr., Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, İstanbul. ferit.baz@msgsu.edu.tr |   https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0090-1004</p>
<p><strong>Doç. Dr. Emre ERTEN<br />
</strong>Doç. Dr., İstanbul Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi, Eskiçağ Dilleri ve Kültürleri Bölümü, İstanbul. emre.erten@istanbul.edu.tr |   https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5250-0304</p></div></div></div>
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		<title>Archaeological Imperialism and Legal Resistance: Paradigmatic Transformations in Nineteenth Century Greek, Egyptian, and Ottoman Cultural Heritage Law</title>
		<link>http://journal.phaselis.org/2025/pha-0189</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Phaselis_Journal]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 30 Dec 2025 16:18:26 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[2025]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://journal.phaselis.org/?p=5884</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Arkeolojik Emperyalizm ve Hukuki Direniş: 19. Yüzyıl’da Yunan, Mısır ve Osmanlı Kültürel Miras Hukukunda Paradigmatik Dönüşümler Mehmet Emin TEKİN https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6762-5214 Murat ARSLAN https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1132-7423 Abstract: This article examines the formation of cultural heritage protection law in the 19th century Eastern Mediterranean through a comparative analysis of the 1834 Greek, 1835 Egyptian, and 1884 Ottoman legal codifications. ...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="kinciBalk"><span lang="EN-US"><em>Arkeolojik Emperyalizm ve Hukuki Direniş: 19. Yüzyıl’da Yunan, Mısır ve Osmanlı Kültürel Miras Hukukunda Paradigmatik Dönüşümler</em></span></p>
<p><strong>Mehmet Emin TEKİN</strong><br />
<sub><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6762-5214"><img decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-3003" src="http://journal.phaselis.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ORCID_mini.png" alt="" width="14" height="14" /> https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6762-5214</a></sub></p>
<p><strong>Murat ARSLAN</strong><br />
<sub><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1132-7423"><img decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-3003" src="http://journal.phaselis.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ORCID_mini.png" alt="" width="14" height="14" /> https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1132-7423</a></sub></p>
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<p><strong><em>PHASELIS</em> XI (2025) 127-144<br />
</strong><strong>DOI</strong>: 10.5281/zenodo.18105681<br />
<strong>Geliş Tarihi</strong>: 05.11.2025 | <strong>Kabul Tarihi</strong>: 23.12.2025<br />
<strong>Elektronik Yayın Tarihi</strong>: 30.12.2025</p>
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Abstract</strong>: This article examines the formation of cultural heritage protection law in the 19th century Eastern Mediterranean through a comparative analysis of the 1834 Greek, 1835 Egyptian, and 1884 Ottoman legal codifications. It explores how regional states responded to the systematic plundering that followed Napoleon’s Egyptian Campaign of 1798 by developing their own legal defense mechanisms against Western archaeological imperialism. The study argues that the emergence of modern heritage law in the Eastern Mediterranean was not a passive adoption of European norms but rather the outcome of locally rooted resistance strategies and regional juridical innovation. The article demonstrates that the pioneering 1834 Greek law served as a model that was pragmatically condensed in Egypt and critically re-synthesized in the Ottoman Empire. Clause-level comparison reveals that article 85 of the Greek law was translated almost verbatim into article 5 of the Ottoman Antiquities Regulation, while religious and ethnic references were deliberately omitted and defensive administrative structures were added. The Ottoman introduction of a fee-based permit system, excavation-area restrictions, and the principle of compensating state officials from the excavator’s budget exemplify an active process of legal adaptation rather than passive reception.The study further shows that all three legislations shared key paradigms—state ownership of antiquities, prohibition of export, and the establishment of centralized museum systems—yet each developed distinctive differentiation strategies shaped by its political priorities and institutional capacities. These findings suggest that the cultural heritage law of the Eastern Mediterranean should be re-evaluated as a regionally constructed mechanism of resistance to colonial extraction, marking a paradigmatic transformation in the global history of heritage governance.</p>
<p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Cultural Heritage Laws, Grece, Egypt, Ottoman Regulations, Archaeological Imperialism</p>
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Öz</strong>: Bu makale, 19. yüzyıl Doğu Akdeniz’de kültürel miras koruma hukukunun oluşumunu, 1834 Yunan, 1835 Mısır ve 1884 Osmanlı yasal düzenlemelerinin karşılaştırmalı analiziyle incelemektedir. Çalışma, Napolyon’un 1798 Mısır Seferi sonrasında yoğunlaşan sistematik yağmaya karşı bölge devletlerinin Batılı arkeolojik emperyalizme yönelik kendi hukuki savunma mekanizmalarını nasıl geliştirdiğini araştırmaktadır. Makalenin temel argümanı, modern kültürel miras hukukunun Doğu Akdeniz’de Avrupa normlarının pasif biçimde benimsenmesiyle değil, yerel direniş stratejileri ve bölgesel hukuki yenilik yoluyla ortaya çıktığıdır. Çalışma, öncü nitelikteki 1834 Yunan yasasının Mısır’da pragmatik bir özete, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda ise eleştirel bir yeniden senteze dönüştürüldüğünü göstermektedir. Madde düzeyindeki karşılaştırma, Yunan yasasının 85. maddesinin Osmanlı Âsâr-ı Atîka Nizamnamesi’nin 5. maddesine neredeyse birebir çevrildiğini, ancak dini ve etnik referansların bilinçli olarak çıkarılıp savunma amaçlı idari yapıların eklendiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Osmanlı’nın harç temelli izin sistemi, kazı alanı sınırlamaları ve devlet görevlilerinin ücretinin kazı yapan tarafından karşılanması ilkesi gibi düzenlemeleri, pasif alıcılık yerine aktif bir hukuki uyarlama sürecini göstermektedir. Ayrıca çalışma, üç düzenlemenin de devlet mülkiyeti, ihracat yasağı ve merkezi müze sistemi gibi temel paradigmaları paylaştığını, ancak her birinin siyasi öncelikleri ve kurumsal kapasitesi doğrultusunda farklılaştırma stratejileri geliştirdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bulgular, Doğu Akdeniz kültürel miras hukukunun kolonyal kaynak aktarımına karşı bölgesel bir direnç mekanizması olarak yeniden değerlendirilmesi gerektiğini ve miras yönetişiminin küresel tarihinde paradigmatik bir dönüşümü temsil ettiğini göstermektedi.</p>
<p><strong>Anahtar Kelimeler:</strong>Kültürel Miras Yasaları, Yunan, Mısır, Osmanlı Kararnameleri, Arkeolojik Emperyalizm</p>
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<p>Varuy N. 1988, Kentsel Sitlerin Korunması. İstanbul.</p>
<p>Voutsaki S. 2003, “Archaeology and the Construction of the Past In Nineteenth Century Greece”. Ed. H. Hokwerda, Constructions of Greek Past Identity and Historical Consciousness from Antiquity to the Present. Groningen, 231-255.</p>
<p>Zakaria N. N. 2019, “Egypt&#8217;s Cultural Heritage in Conflict Situations: Examination of Past and Present Impact”. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean XXVII/2, 521-550.</p>
<p>Zaptçıoğlu D. &amp; Gottschlich J. 2023, Kayzer’in Hazine Avcıları. Çev. F. G. Gerholdt. İstanbul.</p></div><div class="pane"><p>Tekin M. E. &amp; Arslan M. 2025, “Archaeological Imperialism and Legal Resistance: Paradigmatic Transformations in Nineteenth Century Greek, Egyptian, and Ottoman Cultural Heritage Law”. <em>Phaselis</em> XI, 127-145. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18105681</p></div><div class="pane"><p><a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18105681">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18105681</a></p></div><div class="pane"><p><strong>PhD. Mehmet Emin TEKİN</strong></p>
<p>PhD., Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Akdeniz Uygarlıkları Araştırma Enstitüsü, Akdeniz Eskiçağ Araştırmaları Anabilim Dalı, Antalya. mehmetemintekin01@gmail.com |  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6762-5214</p>
<p><strong>Prof. Dr. Murat ARSLAN<br />
</strong>Prof. Dr., Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, Antalya. marslan@akdeniz.edu.tr| https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1132-7423</p></div></div></div>
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		<title>New Suggestions for Personal Names on a Group of ‘Western Asia Minor’ Balance Weights from the Roman Imperial Period at the Pera Museum (II)</title>
		<link>http://journal.phaselis.org/2025/pha-0188</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Phaselis_Journal]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 30 Dec 2025 15:15:35 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[2025]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://journal.phaselis.org/?p=5864</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Pera Müzesi&#8217;ndeki Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi &#8216;Batı Küçük Asya’ Terazi Ağırlıkları Üzerindeki Kişi Adlarına İlişkin Yeni Öneriler (II) Hüseyin Sami ÖZTÜRK https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-1277 Yavuz Selim GÜLER https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1749-7725 Abstract: This article presents ten lead balance weights from Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation Anatolian Weights and Measures Collection at the Pera Museum. Oğuz Tekin previously published these weights in ...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="kinciBalk"><span lang="EN-US"><em>Pera Müzesi&#8217;ndeki Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi &#8216;Batı Küçük Asya’ Terazi Ağırlıkları Üzerindeki Kişi Adlarına İlişkin Yeni Öneriler (II)</em></span></p>
<p><strong>Hüseyin Sami ÖZTÜRK</strong><br />
<sub><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-1277"><img decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-3003" src="http://journal.phaselis.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ORCID_mini.png" alt="" width="14" height="14" /> https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-1277</a></sub></p>
<p><strong>Yavuz Selim GÜLER</strong><br />
<sub><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1749-7725"><img decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-3003" src="http://journal.phaselis.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ORCID_mini.png" alt="" width="14" height="14" /> https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1749-7725</a></sub></p>
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<p><strong><em>PHASELIS</em> XI (2025) 111-125<br />
</strong><strong>DOI</strong>: 10.5281/zenodo.18077759<br />
<strong>Geliş Tarihi</strong>: 02.11.2025 | <strong>Kabul Tarihi</strong>: 21.12.2025<br />
<strong>Elektronik Yayın Tarihi</strong>: 30.12.2025</p>
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Abstract</strong>: This article presents ten lead balance weights from Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation Anatolian Weights and Measures Collection at the Pera Museum. Oğuz Tekin previously published these weights in the catalog as part of the <em>Corpus Ponderum Antiquorum et Islamicorum</em> (<em>CPAI</em>) project, which documents the balance weights in museum collections in Türkiye. In the catalog, O. Tekin left the epigraphic autopsy and possible solutions for the marketplace officials mentioned on the weights for further research. This article reviews some of the inscriptions on these weights and provides <em>addenda</em> and <em>corrigenda</em> to them. The findings presented here significantly improve our comprehension of the names of the marketplace officials on the balance weights originating from ‘Western Asia Minor’. The names of these new marketplace officials are as follows: 1) M. Aelius Fronto Paulus (<em>corrigendum</em>), 2) Aristeides, <em>agoranomos</em> (<em>corrigendum</em>), 3) Artemidoros, <em>agoranomos</em> (<em>corrigendum</em> <em>et</em> <em>addendum</em>), 4) Aurelius Iulianus Stratoneikos, 5) Tib. Iulius Gamikos (<em>corrigendum</em>), 6) Claudius (?) Pothumenos, <em>agoranomos</em>, 7) T. Sextilius Tertullianus (<em>addendum</em>), 8) –nus Virius Cassius, <em>agoranomos</em> (<em>corrigendum</em>), 9) Plautus, <em>agoranomos</em> (<em>addendum</em>) (1), 10) Plautus, (<em>corrigendum</em>) (2).</p>
<p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Ionia, Ephesos, Western Anatolia, Onomastic, <em>Agoranomos</em>, Litra/Libra, Uncia</p>
<div class="divider top" style="border-color:rgba(194,205,216,1);padding-top:5px;margin-bottom:30px;border-bottom-width:1px"><a href="#">Top</a></div>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Öz</strong>: Bu makalede Pera Müzesi’ndeki Suna ve İnan Kıraç Vakfı Anadolu Ağırlık ve Ölçüleri Koleksiyonunda bulunan Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi’ne ait on kurşun terazi ağırlığı tanıtılmaktadır. Bu ağırlıkları daha önce Oğuz Tekin, <i>Corpus Ponderum et Antiquorum et Islamicorum</i> (<i>CPAI</i>) projesi için hazırlamış olduğu, Türkiye’deki müze koleksiyonlarında yer alan terazi ağırlıklarını belgeleyen katalogda yayımlamıştır. O. Tekin, katalogda epigrafik otopsi ve ağırlıklarda geçen pazar yeri sorumluları için olası çözümleri daha ileride yapılacak araştırmalara bırakmıştır. Bu makale bazı ağırlıklar üzerindeki yazıtları yeniden gözden geçirmekte ve bunlara <i>addenda</i> ve <i>corrigenda</i> yapmaktadır. Burada sunulan bulgular, Batı Küçük Asya kökenli terazi ağırlıklarının üzerinde bulunan pazar yeri sorumlularının isimlerini anlamamızı önemli ölçüde geliştirmektedir. Bu yeni pazar yeri sorumlularının adları şöyledir: 1) M. Aelius Fronto Paulus (<i>corrigendum</i>), 2) Aristeides, <i>agoranomos</i> (<i>corrigendum</i>), 3) Artemidoros, <i>agoranomos</i> (<i>corrigendum</i> <i>et</i> <i>addendum</i>), 4) Aurelius Iulianus Stratoneikos, 5) Tib. Iulius Gamikos (<i>corrigendum</i>), 6) Claudius (?) Pothumenos, <i>agoranomos</i>, 7) T. Sextilius Tertullianus (<i>addendum</i>), 8) –nus Virius Cassius, <i>agoranomos</i> (<i>corrigendum</i>), 9) Plautus, <i>agoranomos</i> (<i>addendum</i>) (1), 10) Plautus, (<i>corrigendum</i>) (2).</p>
<p><strong>Anahtar Kelimeler: </strong>Ionia, Ephesos, Batı Anadolu, Onomastik, Agoranomos, Litra/Libra, Uncia</p>
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<p><a name="refs"></a><div class="tabs_container"><ul class="tabs"><li><a href="#">Referanslar</a></li><li><a href="#">Makale Atıf Düzeni</a></li><li><a href="#">Makaleye Direkt Link</a></li><li><a href="#">Yazar(lar) Hakkında</a></li></ul><div class="panes"><div class="pane"><p>Abbreviations of epigraphical editions and reference works follow the “Liste des abréviations des éditions et ouvrages de référence pour l’épigraphie grecque alphabétique (<em>GrEpiAbbr</em> &#8211; Version 03, September 2024)” developed by the <em>Association Internationale d’Épigraphie Grecque et Latine</em>.</p>
<p>See https://aiegl.org/grepiabbr.html</p>
<p><em>CPAI</em> III 1, O. Tekin (ed.), <em>Corpus Ponderum Antiquorum et Islamicorum</em>, <em>Turkey</em> 3: <em>Suna and İnan Kiraç Foundation Collection at the Pera Museum</em>, Part 1: <em>Greek and Roman Weights</em>. İstanbul 2013.</p>
<p>Gatier, P.-L. 1986, “Deux poids syriens de la fondation Piéridès”. <em>Syria</em> 63, 375–378.</p>
<p>Mitchell S. 1993. <em>Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor. Vol. 1, The Celts and the Impact of Roman Rule</em>. Oxford.</p>
<p>Öztürk, H. S. &amp; Y. S. Güler, 2023, “New Suggestions for Personal Names on a Group of ‘Western Asia Minor’ Balance Weights from the Roman Imperial Period at the Pera Museum”. <em>Libri</em> IX, 99-118.</p>
<p>Seyrig, H. 1946-1948, “Poids antiques de la Syrie et de la Phénicie sous la domination grecque et romaine”. <em>Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth</em> 8, 37–79.</p>
<p>Zuiderhoek A. 2009. <em>The Politics of Munificence in the Roman Empire: Citizens, Elites and Benefactors in Asia Minor</em>. Cambridge.</p></div><div class="pane"><p>Öztürk H. S. &amp; Güler Y. S. 2025, “New Suggestions for Personal Names on a Group of ‘Western Asia Minor’ Balance Weights from the Roman Imperial Period at the Pera Museum (II)”.<em>Phaselis</em> XI, 111-125. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18077759</p></div><div class="pane"><p><a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18077759">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18077759</a></p></div><div class="pane"><p><strong>Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Sami ÖZTÜRK<br />
</strong></p>
<p>Prof. Dr., Marmara University Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Department of History, Istanbul. hsoztrk@yahoo.com |   https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-1277.</p>
<p><strong>Yavuz Selim GÜLER<br />
</strong>Archaeologist &amp; Art Historian, Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation Pera Museum, Department of Anatolian Weights and Measures Collection, Istanbul. yavuz.guler@peramuzesi.org.tr |  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1749-7725.</p></div></div></div>
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		<title>Hellenistic Lead Miniature Furniture from Patara: An Assessment of Domestic and Cultic Contexts</title>
		<link>http://journal.phaselis.org/2025/pha-0187</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Phaselis_Journal]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 30 Dec 2025 13:21:42 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[2025]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://journal.phaselis.org/?p=5834</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Patara’dan Hellenistik Dönem Kurşun Minyatür Mobilyalar: Evsel ve Kült Bağlamlar Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme &#160; Feyzullah ŞAHİN https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7110-8367 Abstract: Excavations at the Tepecik Settlement, located north of Patara, have uncovered two Early Hellenistic lead miniature pieces of furniture, a kline and a table. Miniature objects, widely produced in antiquity, fulfilled different roles depending on their archaeological ...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="kinciBalk"><span lang="EN-US"><em>Patara’dan Hellenistik Dönem Kurşun Minyatür Mobilyalar: Evsel ve Kült Bağlamlar Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme</em></span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Feyzullah ŞAHİN</strong><br />
<sub><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7110-8367"><img decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-3003" src="http://journal.phaselis.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ORCID_mini.png" alt="" width="14" height="14" /> https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7110-8367</a></sub></p>
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<p><strong><em>PHASELIS</em> XI (2025) 101-109<br />
</strong><strong>DOI</strong>: 10.5281/zenodo.18077498<br />
<strong>Geliş Tarihi</strong>: 29.10.2025 | <strong>Kabul Tarihi</strong>: 15.12.2025<br />
<strong>Elektronik Yayın Tarihi</strong>: 30.12.2025</p>
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Abstract</strong>: Excavations at the Tepecik Settlement, located north of Patara, have uncovered two Early Hellenistic lead miniature pieces of furniture, a kline and a table. Miniature objects, widely produced in antiquity, fulfilled different roles depending on their archaeological context, at times they were interpreted as toys, at times as votive offerings or ritual objects, and at times as small-scale representations of daily life. Within this general framework, the finds from Patara, particularly the table, provide new evidence for this multifunctionality. The spatial contexts of the finds offer valuable clues about their possible functions. The kline, discovered in a gynaikonitis (women’s quarter), can be interpreted as a toy in a domestic context. The miniature table, on the other hand, was recovered from the integrated  kitchen and storage context; the relief of a grape cluster on its surface may point to a ‘domestic cult’ practice associated with wishes for abundance and prosperity, or alternatively to a Dionysiac dedication. Within this framework, the present study not only adds new examples to the limited repertoire of Hellenistic lead miniature furniture but also emphasizes the methodological importance of contextual analysis in interpreting such objects.</p>
<p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Patara, Hellenistic Period, Miniature, Furniture, Contextual Analysis</p>
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Öz</strong>: Patara kent merkezinin kuzeyinde yer alan Tepecik Yerleşimi’nde gerçekleştirilen kazılarda, Erken Hellenistik Dönem’e ait iki kurşun minyatür mobilya parçası, bir kline ve bir masa, ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Antik Dönem’de yaygın olarak üretilen minyatür nesneler, arkeolojik bağlamlarına göre farklı işlevler üstlenmiştir; kimi zaman oyuncak, kimi zaman adak veya ritüel obje, kimi zaman da gündelik yaşamın küçük ölçekli bir temsili olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bu genel çerçeve içinde Patara buluntuları, özellikle masa örneği aracılığıyla bu çok yönlü işlevselliğe ilişkin yeni veriler sunmaktadır. Buluntuların mekânsal konumları, olası işlevlerine dair ipuçları vermektedir. Gynaikonitis (kadınlar bölümü) olarak tanımlanan bir mekânda bulunan kline, evsel bağlamda bir oyuncak olarak yorumlanabilir. Minyatür masa ise mutfak ve kiler birimlerinin bütünlüğü içinde ele geçmiştir; üzerinde yer alan üzüm salkımı kabartması, bereket ve bolluk dilekleriyle ilişkili bir ‘domestik kült’ uygulamasına ya da alternatif olarak Dionysios’a ilişkin bir adağa işaret etmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışma, Hellenistik Dönem’e ait kurşun minyatür mobilyaların sınırlı repertuvarına yeni örnekler kazandırmakta ve bu tür nesnelerin yorumlanmasında bağlam analizinin metodolojik önemini vurgulamaktadır.</p>
<p><strong>Anahtar Kelimeler: </strong>Patara, Hellenistik Dönem, Minyatür, Mobilya, Bağlam Analizi</p>
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<p><a name="refs"></a><div class="tabs_container"><ul class="tabs"><li><a href="#">Referanslar</a></li><li><a href="#">Makale Atıf Düzeni</a></li><li><a href="#">Makaleye Direkt Link</a></li><li><a href="#">Yazar(lar) Hakkında</a></li></ul><div class="panes"><div class="pane"><p>Andrianou, A. 2006, “Chairs, Beds, and Tables: Evidence for Furnished Interiors in Hellenistic Greece”. <em>The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens</em> 75/2, 219-266.</p>
<p>Andrianou, A. 2007, “A World in Miniature: Greek Hellenistic Miniature Furniture in Context”. <em>Babesch</em> 82, 41-50.</p>
<p><em>Archäologischer Anzeiger</em> 2009, “Priene”. <em>Archäologischer Anzeiger</em> 2009/1 Beiheft, 205-206.</p>
<p>Bolat S. 2022, <em>Patara Tepecik Yerleşimi Gynaikonitis Pişmiş Toprak Figürinleri</em>. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İzmir Demokrasi Üniversitesi. İzmir.</p>
<p>Borchhardt, J. 1973, “Limyra Bericht der III Grabungskampagne 1971”. <em>Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi</em> XXI/1, 37-62.</p>
<p>Borsari, L. 1894, “Terracina”. <em>NSA</em> 1894, 966-111.</p>
<p>Cristofani, M. 2003, “Armi miniaturistiche da Ialysos”. Eds. G. Fiorentini, M. Caltabiano &amp; A. Calderone, <em>Archeologia del Mediterraneo: studi in onore di Ernesto De Miro</em>. Rome, 467-472.</p>
<p>Delemen, İ. 2006, “An Unplundered Chamber Tomb on Ganos Mountain in Southeastern Thrace”. <em>American Journal of Archaeology</em> 110/2, 251-273.</p>
<p>Deonna, W. 1934, “Mobilier Délien”. <em>Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique</em>  58, 1-90.</p>
<p>Deonna, W. 1938, <em>Le Mobilier Délien</em> (Delos 18). Paris.</p>
<p>Dunbabin, T. J., 1962, “Miniature Vases”. Ed. T. J. Dunbabin, <em>The Sanctuaries of Hera Akraia and Limenia II, Pottery, Ivories, Scarabs, and other Objects from the Votive Deposits of Hera Limenia</em>. Oxford, 290-313.</p>
<p>Dündar, E. &amp; Koçak, M. 2021, “Patara’s Harbour: New Evidence and an Overview of the Sequence of Harbour-Related Defence Systems”. Eds. S. Demesticha S. &amp; L. Blue, <em>Under the Mediterranean I, Studies in Maritime Archaeology. </em>Leiden 127-146.</p>
<p>Dündar, E. 2019, “An Early Witness of the Urban Settlement: Tepecik”. Ed. H. İşkan, <em>Patara. City, Harbor, Cult. </em>İstanbul, 138-152.</p>
<p>Dündar, E. 2020, “Late 4th Century B.C. Pottery Assemblages from Patara. First Considerations on Ceramic Classes of the Xanthos Valley in Lycia”. <em>Istanbuler Mitteilungen</em> 70, 47-71.</p>
<p>Ekroth, G. 2003, “Small pots, poor people? The use and function of miniature pottery in Archaic sanctuaries in the Argolid and the Corinthia”. Eds. B. Schmaltz &amp; M. Söldner, <em>Griechische Keramik im kulturellen Kontext. Akten des Internationalen Vasen-Symposions</em>. Kiel 24.-28 September 2001. Münster, 35-37.</p>
<p>Jacobek, R. &amp; Dinstl, A. 1990, “Katalog der Exponate”. <em>Götter, Heroen, Herrscher in Lykien</em>. Wien, 117-218.</p>
<p>Kiernan, P. 2009, <em>Miniature Votive Offerings in the north-west Provinces of the Roman Empire. </em>Wiesbaden.</p>
<p>Kilian-Dirilmeier, I. 2002, <em>Kleinfunde aus dem Athena Itonia-Heiligtum bei Philia </em>(Thessalien). Mainz.</p>
<p>Luce, J-M. 2011, “From miniature objects to giant ones: The process of defunctionalisation in sanctuaries and graves in Iron Age Greece”. <em>PALLAS</em> 86, 53-73.</p>
<p>Pilz, O. 2011, “The uses of small things and the semiotics of Greek miniature objects”. <em>PALLAS</em> 86, 15-30.</p>
<p>Raeck &amp; Rumscheid, F. 2010, “Die Arbeiten in Priene im Jahre 2008”. Eds. H. Dönmez &amp; C. Keskin, <em>Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı </em>31/1. Denizli, 25-29 Mayıs 2009. Ankara, 27-58.</p>
<p>Richter, G.M.A. 1966, <em>Furniture of the Greeks, Etruscans and Romans.</em> London.</p>
<p>Rous, I. H. &amp; Huguenot, C. 2017, “Offrandes hellénistiques en miniature : le mobilier d’une tombe d’enfant d’érétrie conservé au musée du Louvre”. <em>Revue Archéologique</em> 63, 3-64.</p>
<p>Schiering, W. 1979, “Milet: Eine Erweiterung der Grabung östlich des Athenatempels”. <em>Istanbuler Mitteilungen</em> 29, 77-108.</p></div><div class="pane"><p>Şahin F. 2025, “Hellenistic Lead Miniature Furniture from Patara: An Assessment of Domestic and Cultic Contexts”. <em>Phaselis</em> XI, 101-109. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18077498</p></div><div class="pane"><p><a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18077498">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18077498</a></p></div><div class="pane"><p><strong>Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Feyzullah ŞAHİN<br />
</strong>Asst. Prof. Dr. Feyzullah Şahin, İzmir Demokrasi University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Archaeology, İzmir. feyzullah.sahin@idu.edu.tr | 0000-0001-7110-8367</p></div></div></div>
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		<title>Ein neues Grabepigramm aus Phrygien: Das Mädchen Laodike aus Apameia</title>
		<link>http://journal.phaselis.org/2025/pha-0186</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Phaselis_Journal]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 30 Dec 2025 11:22:19 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[2025]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://journal.phaselis.org/?p=5803</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Phrygia’dan Yeni Bir Mezar Epigramı: Apameia’dan Genç Kız Laodike N. Eda AKYÜREK ŞAHİN https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5993-0566 Hüseyin UZUNOĞLU https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7707-4647 Zusammenfassung: Dieser Artikel präsentiert ein neues Grabepigramm aus der Sammlung des Museums von Afyon. Die zehnzeilige Inschrift, eingraviert auf einer Marmorstele, dient als Epitaph für ein junges Mädchen namens Laodike und wurde in Apameia, Phrygien, gefunden. Das von ...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="kinciBalk"><span lang="EN-US"><em>Phrygia’dan Yeni Bir Mezar Epigramı: Apameia’dan Genç Kız Laodike</em></span></p>
<p><strong>N. Eda AKYÜREK ŞAHİN</strong><br />
<sub><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5993-0566"><img decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-3003" src="http://journal.phaselis.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ORCID_mini.png" alt="" width="14" height="14" />https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5993-0566</a></sub></p>
<p><strong>Hüseyin UZUNOĞLU</strong><br />
<sub><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1895-4086"><img decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-3003" src="http://journal.phaselis.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ORCID_mini.png" alt="" width="14" height="14" /></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7707-4647">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7707-4647</a></sub></p>
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<p><strong><em>PHASELIS</em> XI (2025) 93-99<br />
</strong><strong>DOI</strong>: 10.5281/zenodo.18075805<br />
<strong>Geliş Tarihi</strong>: 27.10.2025 | <strong>Kabul Tarihi</strong>: 14.12.2025<br />
<strong>Elektronik Yayın Tarihi</strong>: 30.12.2025</p>
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Zusammenfassung</strong>: Dieser Artikel präsentiert ein neues Grabepigramm aus der Sammlung des Museums von Afyon. Die zehnzeilige Inschrift, eingraviert auf einer Marmorstele, dient als Epitaph für ein junges Mädchen namens Laodike und wurde in Apameia, Phrygien, gefunden. Das von ihren Eltern in Auftrag gegebene Grabepigramm stellt ein weiteres Beispiel für das Motiv des „unzeitigen Todes“ dar. Die Todesursache des Mädchens wird in der Inschrift nicht genannt. Das Epigramm besteht aus fünf Distichen. Das Epigramm berichtet, dass Laodike von einem „eifersüchtigen Daimon“ ergriffen und in den Hades entführt wurde. Die tiefe Trauer ihrer Mutter wird mit dem Gesang der Nachtigall sowie mit mythologischen Figuren wie Niobe, der Tochter des Tantalos, und der Eisvogelgestalt Alkyone verglichen. Beide sind in der Mythologie für ihr unstillbares Weinen bekannt und verkörpern in diesem Kontext wirkungsvoll das Bild der trauernden Mutter. Darüber hinaus findet sich eine Anspielung auf den zutiefst bekümmerten Eisvogel, der an den Ufern klagt. Aufgrund der Buchstabenformen und des allgemeinen Stils des Epigramms kann die Inschrift in das dritte Jahrhundert n. Chr. datiert werden.</p>
<p><strong>Schlüsselwörter</strong>: Grabepigramm, Museum von Afyon, Apameia in Phrygien, Nachtigall, Tantalis (Niobe), Eisvogel (Alkyone)</p>
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Öz</strong>: Bu makalede Afyon Müzesi koleksiyonunda bulunan yeni bir mezar epigramı sunulmaktadır. Mermer bir stel üzerine yazılmış on satırlık yazıt Laodike isimli bir genç kızın mezar yazıtı olup stel Phrygia’daki Apameia’da bulunmuştur. Anne ve babasının yaptırdığı mezar taşı üzerindeki bu epigram “erken ölüm” konulu epigramlara yeni bir örnek olup yazıtta kızın ölüm nedeni verilmemektedir. Epigram beş distykhon’dan oluşmaktadır. Epigramda Laodike’nin “kıskanç Daimon” tarafından yağmalanıp Hades’e götürüldüğü ifade edilmektedir. Metinde yas tutan annenin çok ağlaması, dişi bülbülün ötmesiyle ve Tantalis ve yalıçapkını kuşu (Halkyonis) gibi mitolojik figürlerle kıyaslanmaktadır. Tantalos’un kızı Niobe’yi ifade eden Tantalis çok ağlamasıyla mitolojide tanındığı için burada yaslı anneyi çok iyi ifade etmektedir. Yine çok kahırlı Halkyonis’in (Alkyone) sahillerde ağıt yakmasına atıf vardır. Yazıtın genel olarak ve de harf karakterine göre MS III. yüzyıla ait olduğu söylenebilir.</p>
<p><strong>Anahtar Kelimeler: </strong>Mezar Epigramı, Afyon Müzesi, Phrygia’daki Apameia, Bülbül, Tantalis (Niobe), Yalıçapkını kuşu (Halkyonis/Alkyone)</p>
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<p><a name="refs"></a><div class="tabs_container"><ul class="tabs"><li><a href="#">Referanslar</a></li><li><a href="#">Makale Atıf Düzeni</a></li><li><a href="#">Makaleye Direkt Link</a></li><li><a href="#">Yazar(lar) Hakkında</a></li></ul><div class="panes"><div class="pane"><p>Akdoğu Arca E. &amp; Gökalp Özdil N. 2024, “Antalya Müzesi’nden Yeni Bir Mezar Yazıtı Işığında Küçük Asya’da Zamansız Çocuk Ölümleri (Untimely Child Deaths in Asia Minor in the Light of a New Funerary Inscription from Antalya Museum)”. Eds. F. G. Özaktürk, Ü. F. Telatar &amp; G. Ünver, <em>SAPIENTIA. Cumhuriyetin Yüzüncü Yılında Prof. Dr. Güngör Varınlıoğlu ve Prof. Dr. Ender Varinlioğlu Onuruna Yazılar</em>. Ankara, 29-56.</p>
<p>Bresson A. 2011, “An Introduction to the Funerary Inscriptions of Apameia”. Eds. L. Summerer, A. Ivantchik &amp; A. von Kienlin, <em>Kelainai – Apameia Kibotos: Stadtentwicklung im anatolischen Kontext. Akten des internationalen Kolloquiums (Kelainai I)</em>. München, 309-315.</p>
<p>Breuer Ch. 1995, <em>Reliefs und Epigramme griechischer Privatgrabmäler. Zeugnisse bürgerlichen Selbstver-ständnisses vom 4. bis 2. Jahrhundert v. Chr</em>. Köln – Weimar – Wien.</p>
<p>Brixhe C. 1987, <em>Essai sur le grec anatolien au début de notre ère</em>. Nancy.</p>
<p>Bowie E. 2016, “Doing Doric”. Eds. E. Sistakou &amp; A. Rengakos, Dialect, <em>Diction, and Style in Greek Literary and Inscribed Epigram</em>. Berlin – Boston, 3-22.</p>
<p>Griessmair E. 1966, <em>Das Motiv der mors immatura in den griechischen metrischen Grabinschriften.</em> Innsbruck.</p>
<p>Hunter R. 2022, <em>Greek Epitaphic Poetry. A selection</em>. Cambridge.</p>
<p>Lattimore R. 1942, <em>Themes in Greek and Latin Epigraphs</em>. Urbana-Illinois.</p>
<p>Staab G. 2018, <em>Gebrochener Glanz. Klassische Tradition und Alltagswelt im Spiegel neuer und alter Grabepi-gramme des griechischen Ostens.</em> Berlin-Boston.</p>
<p>Strubbe J. H. M. 1998, “Epigrams and Consolation Decrees for Deceased Youths”. <em>L’Antiquité Classique</em> 67, 45-75.</p>
<p>Szempruch B. 2019, “Literary Commemoration In Imperial Greek Epigram: Niobe In The Living Landscape (SGO 05/01/55)”. <em>AJPh</em> 140/2, 227-253.</p>
<p>Trapp E. (ed.) 2007. Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts. 6. <em>Faszikel (παλιγγενεσία &#8211; προσπελαγίζω)</em>. Wien.</p>
<p>Yıldız M. E. 2014, “Kelainai/Apameia Kibotos’tan Dört Yeni Yazıt”. <em>Olba</em> XXII, 291-305.</p>
<p>Yıldız, M. E., Akyürek Şahin N. E. &amp; Uzunoğlu H.“Neue Grabinschriften aus dem Museum von Afyon”. <em>Anadolu Araştırmaları</em> (im Druck).</p></div><div class="pane"><p>Akyürek Şahin N. E. &amp; Uzunoğlu H. 2025, “Ein neues Grabepigramm aus Phrygien: Das Mädchen Laodike aus Apameia”. <em>Phaselis</em> XI, 93-99. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18075805</p></div><div class="pane"><p><a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18075805">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18075805</a></p></div><div class="pane"><p><strong>Prof. Dr. N. Eda AKYÜREK ŞAHİN<br />
</strong>Prof. Dr. N. Eda Akyürek Şahin, Universität Akdeniz, Fakultät für Human- und Sozialwissenschaften, Fach für Antike Sprachen und Kulturen, Antalya. edasahin@akdeniz.edu.tr |    0000-0002-5993-0566.</p>
<p><strong>Doç. Dr. Hüseyin UZUNOĞLU</strong><br />
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Uzunoğlu, Universität Akdeniz, Fakultät für Human und Sozialwissenschaften, Fach für Antike Sprachen und Kulturen, Antalya. huseyinuzunoglu@akdeniz.edu.tr |    0000 -0001-7707-4647.</p></div></div></div>
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