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Home » 2026 » The Scent of the Gods, the Treasure of Kings: The Multifaceted Use of Saffron in the Ancient Mediterranean World

The Scent of the Gods, the Treasure of Kings: The Multifaceted Use of Saffron in the Ancient Mediterranean World

Tanrıların Kokusu, Kralların Hazinesi: Antik Akdeniz Dünyasında Safranın Çok Yönlü Kullanımı

MERYEM KARAKURT GÖKSAL
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9113-5343

PHASELIS XII (2026) 63-74
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20052785
Received Date: 25.01.2026 | Acceptance Date: 22.03.2026
Online Publication Date: 10.05.2026

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Abstract: While the exorbitant economic value of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and its historical equivalence to gold in the ancient Mediterranean are well-documented; modern scholarship has predominantly relegated the plant to the status of a luxury trade commodity. This reductionist approach obscures the complex socio-cultural, cultic, and pharmacological roles saffron played in antiquity. This study problematizes the strictly economic categorization of saffron by systematically investigating its multifaceted functions across the ancient Mediterranean world. Utilizing a multidisciplinary approach, the research cross-examines the literary accounts of ancient authorities, such as Theophrastus, Pliny, Dioscorides, Galen, and Strabo, with extant epigraphic and archaeological evidence. The paper first critically evaluates the geographic distribution of primary production centers, specifically focusing on prominent hubs in Cilicia, Lycia, and Sicilia. It subsequently analyzes the plant’s integration into elite consumption practices, including gastronomy, textiles, pharmacology, religious rituals, and the perfumery industry. The findings argue that saffron transcended its material worth, functioning as a potent signifier of social stratification and a central element in cultural-religious paradigms. Ultimately, through a comparative analysis of ancient sources, this study re-contextualizes saffron not merely as a high-value raw material, but as a critical socio-cultural construct, opening a broader discussion on its symbolic dimensions in antiquity.

Keywords: Saffron (Crocus sativus), Ancient Mediterranean, Use of Saffron in Antiquity, Luxury Consumption, Socio-Economic History

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Öz: Antik Akdeniz dünyasında safranın (Crocus sativus L.) fahiş ekonomik değeri ve altınla eş tutulması iyi bilinmekle birlikte, modern literatür bu bitkiyi çoğunlukla yalnızca lüks bir ticari meta statüsüne indirgeme eğilimindedir. Bu indirgemeci yaklaşım, safranın antik toplumlardaki karmaşık sosyo-kültürel, kültik ve farmakolojik rollerini gölgelemektedir. Bu çalışma, safranın salt ekonomik bir araç olarak kategorize edilmesini sorunsallaştırmakta ve antikçağdaki çok katmanlı işlevlerini bütüncül bir perspektifle incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Multidisipliner bir yaklaşımın benimsendiği araştırmada; Theophrastus, Plinius, Dioskorides, Galenos ve Strabon gibi antik otoritelerin metinleri, günümüze ulaşan epigrafik ve arkeolojik verilerle çapraz okumaya tabi tutulmuştur. Çalışma ilk olarak Kilikia, Lykia ve Sicilia gibi önde gelen üretim merkezlerinin coğrafi dağılımını ve üretim kalitesini eleştirel bir yaklaşımla değerlendirmektedir. Ardından bitkinin gastronomi, tekstil, farmakoloji, dini ritüeller ve parfüm endüstrisi gibi seçkin tüketim pratiklerine entegrasyonu analiz edilmektedir. Elde edilen bulgular, safranın yalnızca maddi bir değer taşımadığını; aynı zamanda sosyal statünün, dini sembolizmin ve kültürel kimliğin güçlü bir göstergesi olarak işlev gördüğünü ortaya koymaktadır. Sonuç olarak bu makale, antik kaynakların karşılaştırmalı bir analizi yoluyla safranı salt nadir bir hammadde olarak değil, Akdeniz havzasının sosyo-kültürel yapısında kritik bir unsur olarak yeniden konumlandırmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Safran (Crocus sativus), Antik Akdeniz, Safranın Anikçağdaki Kullanımı, Lüks Tüketim, Sosyo-Ekonomik Tarih

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https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20052785

 

Meryem KARAKURT GÖKSAL
PhD Cand. Akdeniz University, Institute of Mediterranean Civilisations, Department of Ancient Mediterranean Studies, Antalya, Türkiye. karakurtmeryemm@gmail.com | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9113-5343

15 May 2026 Phaselis_Journal

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