Depicting and Charting the Southern Coastline of Anatolia – Record of the Later Toponyms of Phaselis: Palyopoli-Paleopolis, Tekiroba, Gironda-Phionda-Fironda-Fionda – The 1812 Report of Rapid Coastal Erosion – The (Doubtful?) Islands and Evidence leading Towards a Date for the Collapse of the Upper Courses of the Inner Harbour Arm at Ancient Phaselis, Antalya

Depicting and Charting the Southern Coastline of Anatolia – Record of the Later Toponyms of Phaselis: Palyopoli-Paleopolis, Tekiroba, Gironda-Phionda-Fironda-Fionda – The 1812 Report of Rapid Coastal Erosion – The (Doubtful?) Islands and Evidence leading Towards a Date for the Collapse of the Upper Courses of the Inner Harbour Arm at Ancient Phaselis, Antalya

Güney Anadolu Sahil Şeridinin Tasviri ve Haritalanması – Phaselis’in Sonraki Toponymlerinin Kaydedilmesi Üzerine: Palyopoli-Paleopolis, Tekiroba, Gironda-Phionda-Fironda-Fionda – 1812 Yılı Hızla Yayılan Kıyı Erozyonu Raporu – Antalya Phaselis Antik Kenti’ndeki İç Liman Kolunun Üst Kısım Çöküntüsünün (Şüpheli?) Adalar ve Kanıtlar Işığında Tarihlenmesi

T. Mikail P. DUGGAN

PHASELIS III (2017) 1-48
DOI: 10.18367/pha.17001
Geliş Tarihi: 10.10.2016 | Kabul Tarihi: 27.12.2016
Elektronik Yayın Tarihi: 05.04.2017
Telif Hakkı © PHASELIS Disiplinlerarası Akdeniz Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2016

Abstract: This article describes the varied and inaccurate cartographic record made of part of the coastline of southwestern Anatolia from the 14th to the 19th century and the attempt to produce an accurate scientific sea chart of the Mediterranean in the 18th and 19th centuries. It describes the various later toponyms employed for the port city of Phaselis on this coastline, Ottoman Turkish and Greek, and suggests the toponyms Gironda-Phionda-Fironda-Fionda for the Orthodox See and for the port-city were all transcriptions of the Greek word Γέροντας (gerontas/gerondas) – Γέροντα (Geronta, later Greek, pronounced Yeronda) literally meaning elder, but also meaning Elder of the Greek Orthodox Church. Capt. Francis Beaufort’s influential account of rapid coastal erosion at Phaselis is investigated and it is suggested that man rather than nature, physical defacement rather than erosion, was responsible for the damage to the carved white marble sarcophagi in the North harbour. A reason is offered for the islands which were for centuries marked off this coastline as a maritime hazard, ‘Kephali tis Attalias’. This was probably in consequence of note being taken of the gasses and oil coming to the surface of the sea released in the course of eruptions from a series of underwater mud volcanoes forming the Anaximander Mountains, suggesting to mariners the presence of islands in the vicinity. Part of the 19th c. published record concerning the state of the inner harbour and harbour arm at Phaselis-Fionda is related in detail in the attempt to determine when and in what seismic event it was damaged, as in 1811 on Beaufort’s chart and in his text it is recorded of the harbour arm, “the masonry being still near perfect”. It is suggested that damage to the Phaselis inner harbour arm occurred between 1842 and 1904 when the inner harbour was described as ”fenced by a broken mole”and that this damage was caused by a local shallow depth seismic event not associated with a tsunami, perhaps in 1851, 1863, 1887 or 1897.

Keywords: Phaselis, Cartography, Toponyms, Γέροντας, Fionda, Geronda, Deface, Coastal-Erosion

Top

Öz: Bu makale, 14. yüzyıldan 19. yüzyıla kadarki Güneybatı Anadolu sahil şeridinin bir kısmında yapılan çeşitli ve hatalı kartografik bir kaydı ve 18. ve 19. yüzyıllardaki doğru ve bilimsel bir Akdeniz deniz haritası üretim girişimini incelemektedir. Bu sahil şeridi üzerindeki Phaselis liman kentine verilen ve Osmanlı Türkçesi ile Hellence olan diğer toponymleri içermektedir. Ayrıca Ortodoks Piskoposluğu için Gironda-Phionda-Fironda-Fionda toponymleri ve liman kenti için Hellence, genel olarak yaşlı anlamına gelen ama aynı zamanda Yunan Ortodoks Kilisesi’nin kıdemlisi/mütevellisi anlamında da kullanılan Γέροντας (gerontas/gerondas) – Γέροντα (Geronta, geç dönem Hellencesi olup Yeronda şeklinde telaffuz edilmektedir) kelimesinin tüm transkripsiyonları öne sürülmektedir. Kaptan Francis Beaufort’un Phaselis’te meydana gelen ve hızla yayılan kıyı erozyonun etkileyici anlatımı incelenmiş; doğadan ziyade insanın, erozyondan ziyade de fiziksel tahrifin Kuzey Liman’daki beyaz mermerden oyulmuş olan sarkophagosun hasarından sorumlu olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Yüzyıllardır bu sahil şeridine komşu olan adalar için ‘Kephali tis Attalis’, denize ilişkin bir tehlike olarak sunulmaktadır. Muhtemelen, Anaksimandros Dağları’nı oluşturan bir dizi su altı çamur volkanından çıkan patlamalar sırasında açığa çıkan gaz ve deniz yüzeyine gelen petrole ilişkin alınan nota istinaden denizcilere çevredeki adaların varlığından bahsedilmekteydi. Phaselis-Fionda’daki iç liman ve liman kolunun durumuna ilişkin yayınlanan 19. yüzyıl kaydının bir kısmı, 1811 yılında Beaufort’un harita ve metninde “duvarcılık hala mükemmelliğe yakın” şeklinde yazıldığı gibi, ne zaman ve hangi sismik olayda hasar gördüğünün detaylı bir şekilde belirlenmesiyle bağlantılıdır. İç liman “kırık bir dalgakıranla çevrelenmiş” şekilde tasvir edilirken Phaselis iç liman koluna verilen hasarın 1842 ile 1904 yılları arasında gerçekleştiği ve söz konusu hasarın, belki de 1851, 1863, 1887 ya da 1897 yıllarında, bir tsunami ile ilişkili olmayan yerel sığ bir derinlikteki sismik olaydan kaynaklandığı öne sürülmektedir.

Anahtar Sözcükler: Phaselis, Kartografi, Toponym, Γέροντας, Fionda, Geronda, Tahrif, Kıyı Erozyonu

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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1741_Homann_Heirs_Map_of_Ancient_Greece_%5E_the_Eastern_Mediterranean_-_Geographicus_-_Graecia-homannheirs-1741.jpg.
http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/chabert_de_cogolin_joseph_bernard_de_5E.html
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b5962163s/f1.highres
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Anville%2C_Jean_Baptiste_Bourguignon._Turkey_in_Asia._1794_%28A%29.jpg;
http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~24847~970001:Turkey-in-Asia-#
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/1794_Anville_Map_of_Asia_Minor_in_Antiquity_(Turkey,Cyprus,_Syria)_-_Geographicus_-_AsiaMinor-anville-1794.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Anville%2C_Jean_Baptiste_Bourguignon._Turkey_in_Asia._1794_%28A%29.jp
http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~24847~970001:Turkey-in-Asia-
http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/beaufort1817/0016?sid=13ebd55774f4cca05a8477a404feb33b
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Faden._European_Dominions_of_the_Ottomans_or_Turkey_in_Europe._1795.jpg
http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C16280
https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/enlarge/48160
http://studybible.info/compare/1%20Maccabees%2015:23
https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/33883dc/Carte_Nouvelle_De_La_Mer_Mediterranee_ou_sont_Exactement_Remarques_tous_les/De%20Hooghe.html;
https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/enlarge/33883dc
http://cyprussite.com/img/map05.jpg
http://cyprussite.com/img/map24.jpg
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b5962140s/f1.item.zoom Carte_de_la_Grèce_dressée_[…]Delisle_Guillaume_btv1b5962140s
http://eng.travelogues.gr/item.php?view=54434
http://tile.loc.gov/image-services/iiif/service:gmd:gmd7:g7420:g7420:ct003757/full/pct:12.5/0/default.jpg
https://www.loc.gov/item/2004629155/http://eng.travelogues.gr/item.php?view=60228
http://www.haritatr.com/harita/Yeronda-Bay/11667
http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/539782.html
http://en.wikipedia.org File: Portolan_chart_of_Gariel_de_Vallseca_(1447).jpg
http://eng.travelogues.gr/item.php?view=60228
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b5962140s/f1.item.zoom Carte_de_la_Grèce_dressée_[…]Delisle_Guillaume_btv1b5962140s
http://eng.travelogues.gr/item.php?view=54434
http://tile.loc.gov/image-services/iiif/service:gmd:gmd7:g7420:g7420:ct003757/full/pct:12.5/0/default.jpg
https://www.loc.gov/item/2004629155/
http://art-of-maps.blogspot.com.tr/2011_10_01_archive.html
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b5962140s/f1.highres
http://tr.travelogues.gr/item.php?view=54248
http://maps.turkishpostalhistory.com/index.php/harita/1720-Weigel-Turkey
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00maplinks/mughal/devaugondy/atlas1749/turkeyasia1749.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1780_Raynal_and_Bonne_Map_of_Turkey_in_Europe_and_Asia_-_Geographicus_-_TurquieEurope-bonne-1780.jpg
http://thumbs4.picclick.com/d/w1600/pict/282116922895_/1794-Turkey-In-Asia-Middle-East-By-Wilkinson.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thum/a/ac/William_Faden._European_Dominions_of_the_Ottomans_or_ Turkey_in_Europe._1795.jpg/2048px-William_Faden._European_Dominions_of_the_Ottomans_or_Turkey_in_Europe._1795.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/1801_Cary_Map_of_Turkey,_Iraq,_Armenia_and_Sryia_-_Geographicus_-_TurkeyAsia-cary-1801.jpg
http://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/view/22397657?buttons=y;
http://aligunduz.org/img/maps/OttomanAsia.jpg
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D14%3Achapter%3D3%3Asection%3D9
http://www.mapsofantiquity.com/store/Heather_Chart_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea/inventory.pl?id=NAU130
http://www.geographicus.com/P/AntiqueMap/MediterraneanSeaEast-heather-1822
http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C16280
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/admiralty-charts-maps/
http://www.ebay.com/itm/1822-William-Heather-and-John-Norie-Nautical-Chart-of-the-Eastern-Mediterranean-/361655726923#cvip_desc
https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/enlarge/35686dc
https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/enlarge/35822
http://www.mapsofantiquity.com/store/A_correct_Chart_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea,_from_the_Straits_of_Gibraltar_to_the_Levant,_From_the_latest_and_best_Observations:_for_Mr._Tindal’s_Continuation_of_Mr._Rapin’s_History.*****SOLD*****/inventory.pl?id=EUR248JR
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/1818_Pinkerton_Map_of_Turkey_in_Asia,_Iraq,_Syria,_and_Palestine_-_Geographicus_-_TurkeyAsia-pinkerton-1818.jpg
https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/34696mb/A_New_Chart_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea_Comprehending_the_Coasts_from_Cape_St/Smyth-Laurie.html
https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/enlarge/34696mb
http://www.atlassen.info/kaarten/algemeen/sduk/picslarge/sduk001k083.jpg
http://dl.mospace.umsystem.edu/mu/islandora/object/mu%3A110887
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Martin,_R.M.%3B_Tallis,_J._%26_F._Turkey_in_Asia._1851_(H).jpg
http://dl.mospace.umsystem.edu/mu/islandora/object/mu%3A357253
http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3468808&partId=1&searchText=Charles+Robert+Cockerell&page=4
http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details/collection_image_gallery.aspx?assetId=1127922001&objectId=3439635&partId=1
http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details/collection_image_gallery.aspx?assetId=1127919001&objectId=3439638&partId=1
http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details/collection_image_gallery.aspx?assetId=1128449001&objectId=3440015&partId=1
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0006%3Aentry%3Dphaselis
http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/539785.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaselis
http://www.antalyafourseasons.com/privatedetay.asp?kategori_no=11
www.turkishyachtchartering.com/phaselis.html
https://www.lonelyplanet.com/turkey/phaselis
http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/539785.html
http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details/collection_image_gallery.aspx?assetId=1128017001&objectId=3439673&partId=1
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usb000s99n;
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us20003jvl#executive
http://web.itu.edu.tr/~taymaz/docs/2007-Yolsal-etal-SP291Understanding%20Tsunamis%20in%20the%20 Eastern%20Mediterranean-2007.pdf
http://www.deprem.gov.tr/en/historicalevent 1851
http://www.deprem.gov.tr/en/historicalevent 1856
http://www.deprem.gov.tr/en/historicalevent 1858, B3 37.0000 31.0000 Antalya, magnitude V
http://www.deprem.gov.tr/en/historicalevent
http://www.deprem.gov.tr/en/historicalevent ; 1864
http://www.deprem.gov.tr/en/historicalevent ; 1887
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_1911
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/year/1999/1999_08_17_eq_list.php
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/i

Resim Kaynakları

1. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Map_of_Angelino_Dulcert_cropped.jpg
2. http://www.ebay.ca/itm/Geographiae-Sacre-Mediterranean-Old-map-Sanson-1668 /282121790951?hash=item41afc4e5e7:g:uboAAOSwA3tXocxf
3. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1741_Homann_Heirs_Map_of_Ancient_Greece_%5E_the_Eastern_Mediterranean_-_Geographicus_-_Graecia-homannheirs-1741.jpg
4. Engraving of Jean-Baptiste Hilaire’s View of the Public Square of Cos of 1776, Author’ collection
5. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b5962163s/f1.highres
6.https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/1794_Anville_Map_of_Asia_Minor_in_Antiquity_(Turkey,Cyprus,_Syria)_-_Geographicus_-_AsiaMinor-anville-1794.jpg
6a. detail
6b.https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Anville%2C_Jean_Baptiste_Bourguignon._Turkey_in_Asia._1794_%28A%29.jpg
7.https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Faden._European_Dominions_of_the_Ottomans_or_Turkey_in_Europe._1795.jpg
8. Photograph F. Yilmaz
9. https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/enlarge/33883dc
10. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b5962140s/f1.highres
11. http://tr.travelogues.gr/item.php?view=54248
12. http://maps.turkishpostalhistory.com/index.php/harita/1720-Weigel-Turkey
13.http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00maplinks/mughal/devaugondy/atlas1749/turkeyasia1749.jpg
14.https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1780_Raynal_and_Bonne_Map_of_Turkey_in_Europe_and_Asia_-_Geographicus_-_TurquieEurope-bonne-1780.jpg
15. http://thumbs4.picclick.com/d/w1600/pict/282116922895_/1794-Turkey-In-Asia-Middle-East-By-Wilkinson.jpg
16. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/William_Faden._European_Dominions_of_the_Ottomans_or_Turkey_in_Europe._1795.jpg/2048px-William_Faden._European_Dominions_of_the_Ottomans_or_Turkey_in_Europe._1795.jpg
17.https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/1801_Cary_Map_of_Turkey,_Iraq,_Armenia_and_Sryia_-_Geographicus_-_TurkeyAsia-cary-1801.jpg
18.https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/1818_Pinkerton_Map_of_Turkey_in_Asia,_Iraq,_Syria,_and_Palestine_-_Geographicus_-_TurkeyAsia-pinkerton-1818.jpg
19. https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/enlarge/34696mb
20. http://www.atlassen.info/kaarten/algemeen/sduk/picslarge/sduk001k083.jpg
21. http://dl.mospace.umsystem.edu/mu/islandora/object/mu%3A110887
22. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Martin,_R.M.%3B_Tallis,_J._%26_F._Turkey_in_Asia._1851_(H).jpg
23. http://dl.mospace.umsystem.edu/mu/islandora/object/mu%3A357253
24. Beaufort, Karamania: Or, A Brief Description of the South Coast of Asia-Minor, 1817, 56.
25. http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details/collection_image_gallery.aspx?assetId=1128017001&objectId=3439673&partId=1
26. http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details/collection_image_gallery.aspx?assetId=1128017001&objectId=3439673&partId=1
27. Oil painting of the inner harbour arm at Phaselis, August 2013-August 2014, T. M. P. Duggan.

T. M. P. Duggan, “Depicting and Charting the Southern Coastline of Anatolia – Record of the Later Toponyms of Phaselis: Palyopoli-Paleopolis, Tekiroba, Gironda-Phionda-Fironda-Fionda – The 1812 Report of Rapid Coastal Erosion – The (Doubtful?) Islands and Evidence leading Towards a Date for the Collapse of the Upper Courses of the Inner Harbour Arm at Ancient Phaselis, Antalya”. Phaselis III (2017) 1-49. DOI: 10.18367/Pha.17001

Kalıcı bağlantı adresi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18367/pha.17001

T. Mikail P. Duggan

Öğr. Gör., Akdeniz University, Mediterranean Civilisations Research Institute, Antalya. tmpduggan@yahoo.com