Reconsiderations on the Destruction of Mylasa in 40/39 BC by Q. Labienus Parthicus and on Its Consequent Restoration Process
Muzaffer DEMİR Öz: Q. Labienus, MÖ 42 yılında Philippi Savaşı başlamadan önce hali hazırda merhum C. Pompeius Magnus’un taraftarlarını destelemekte olan Parth kralı II. Orodes’ten daha fazla askeri destek almak için Parth sarayına gönderilmişti. Ancak Labienus, G. Cassius Longinus ve M. Iunius Brutus’un bu savaşta yenilmesi üzerine Parth sarayına sığınmak zorunda kaldı. Bunun üzerine II. Orodes, MÖ 41 yılı sonları veya MÖ 40 yılı başlarında Labienus’un hırslı karakterinden faydalanmak istedi ve onun oğlu Pacorus ile birlikte Roma’nın Syria eyaleti içlerine kadar uzanan şiddetli bir saldırı başlatmasını sağladı. Labineus bununla da yetinmeyip Küçük Asia içlerinde Kilikia, Karia, Ionia, Lydia ve hatta Phrygia bölgelerinin bazı kesimlerindeki kentleri ve tapınakları fethetme ve yağmalama harekâtına girişti. MÖ II. yüzyılın ilk yarısından itibaren Roma ile iyi ilişkiler içinde olduğu görülen Mylasa, Labienus’un MÖ 40 yılında talan ettiği kentler arasında en çok yıkıma uğrayanlardan birisi oldu. Biz bu çalışmamızda Labienus’un aldığı kararlarının sebeplerini ve sonuçlarını Mylasa’nın yıkımı örneği bazında açıklamaya çalışacağız. Anahtar Kelimeler: Quintus Labienus Parthicus, Karia, Mylasa, Parthia, Roma Abstract: Before the war of Philippi in 42 BC, Q. Labienus had already left for Parthia in order to get more military support from Orodes II, the Parthian king, as the king was already contributing to the followers of the deceased C. Pompeius Magnus. But G. Cassius Longinus and M. Iunius Brutus were defeated at this war. As a result of this defeat, Labienus had to take refuge in Parthia. Late in 41 or early in 40 BC Orodes II made use of the ambitions of Labienus and along with his son Pacorus he enabled them to embark upon an unusually vigorous and penetrative irruption in the Roman province of Syria. Yet the ambitions of Labienus went further to conquer and plunder some of the cities and the temples of Cilicia, Caria, Ionia, Lydia and even as far as some parts of Phrygia. Mylasa, which was in good relations with Rome starting from the first half of second century BC, was one of the cities worst affected by the invasions of Labienus in 40 BC. In this study, we shall strive to explain the reasons of the decisions of Labienus and its results by concentrating on the case of his devastation of Mylasa. Keywords: Quintus Labienus Parthicus, Caria, Mylasa, Parthia, Rome M. Demir, “Q. Labienus Parthicus’un MÖ 40/39 yılında Mylasa’yı Yıkması ve Kentin Yeniden İmar Süreci Üzerine Değerlendirmeler”. Phaselis V (2019) 175-194. http://dx.doi.org/10.18367/Pha.19012 Muzaffer DEMİR Prof. Dr., Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, MUĞLA
https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-7270-2317
DOI: 10.18367/Pha.19012
Geliş Tarihi: 26.02.2019 | Kabul Tarihi: 22.05.2019
Elektronik Yayın Tarihi: 19.07.2019
C. Ando et al., Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire. London 2000.
R. H. J. Ashton, “A New Silver Issue from Mylasa”. Numismatic Chronicle (1966-) 150 (1990) 224-225.
A. R. Bellinger, “Notes on Some Coins from Antioch in Syria”. Museum Notes (American Numismatic Society) 5 (1952), 53-63.
W. Blümel, ed., Die Inschriften von Mylasa, Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien, 2 vols.; IK 34-35, I Mylasa. Bonn: Habelt, 1987-1988.
A. Boeckh et al., eds., Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum (CIG), 4 vols. Berlin 1828-1877.
T. C. Brennan, The Praetorship in the Roman Republic: 122 to 49 BC, Vol.II. Oxford 2000.
A. Chaniotis, “New Inscriptions from Aphrodisias (1995-2001)”. American Journal of Archaeology 108/3 (2004) 377-416.
H. M. Cotton, “Ad Familiares XIII, 26 and 28: Evidence for Revocatio or Reiectio Romae/Romam ?”. Journal of Roman Studies 69 (1979) 39-50.
J. Curran, “The Ambitions of Quintus Labienus ‘Parthicus’”. Antichthon 41 (2007) 33-53.
F. Delrieux – M-C. Ferriès, “Euthydème, Hybréas et Mylasa : une cité grecque de Carie dans les conflits romains de la fin du Ier siècle a.C. (première partie)”. Revue des Études Anciennes 106/1 (2004a) 49-71.
F. Delrieux – M-C. Ferriès, “Euthydème, Hybréas et Mylasa: une cité grecque de Carie dans les conflits romains de la fin du Ier siècle a.C. (deuxième partie)”. Revue des Études Anciennes 106/2 (2004b) 499-515.
C. Diehl – G. Cousin, “Inscriptions de Mylasa”. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 12 (1888) 8-37.
S. Dmitriev, City Government in Hellenistic and Roman Asia Minor. Oxford 2005.
A. Erskine, “The Romans as Common Benefactors”. Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 43/1 (1994) 70-87.
J-L. Ferrary, “The Hellenistic World and Roman Political Patronage”, Eds. P. Cartladge – P. Garnsey – E. Gruen, Hellenistic Constructs: Essays in Cuture, History and Historiography. Berkeley-Los Angales-London (1997) 105-119.
C. S. Haddad, Formulaic Expressions in official Roman Republican epistolography inscribed in Greek (Masters of Research). Sydney 2014.
O. Hekster – T. Kaizer, “Mark Antony and the Raid on Palmyra: Reflections on Appian, ‘Bella Civilia’ V, 9”. Latomus 63/1 (2004) 70-80.
O. Henry, “Hekatomnos, Persian satrap or Greek dynast? A study on funerary architecture”, Eds. R. van Bremen – J.-M. Carbon, Helenistic Caria. Bordeaux (2010) 103-122.
O. Henry, “A Tribute to Ionian Renaissance”, Ed. O. Henry, 4th Century Karia. Defining a Karian identity under the Hekatomnids. İstanbul: Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes-Georges Dumézil (2013) 81-90. (Varia Anatolica, 28).
C. Hersh, “The Coinage of Quintus Labienus Parthicus”. Schweizerische numismatische Rundschau = Revue suisse de numismatique = Rivista svizzera di numismatica 59 (1980), 41-51.
G. Hölbl, A History of the Ptolemaic Empire. Trans. T. Saavedra. London-New York 2001.
E. G. Huzar, Mark Antony: A Biography. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press 1978.
A. C. Johnson et al., Ancient Roman Statutes: A Translation with Introduction, Commentary, Glossary, and Index. New Jersey 2003.
S. C. Lawrence, Studies in the Athenian Territorial Possessions During the Hellenistic and Roman Periods (PhD Thesis). University of North Carolina 1995.
C. Lerouge-Cohen, “Entre légende monétaire et légende noire: de nouveau sur Q. Labienus Parthicus Imp(erator)”. Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 59/2 (2010) 176-188.
J. N. Lilly, “The Story of Labienus in His Relations to Caesar”. High School Journal 12/2, 1929, 58-61.
H. Lindsay, “Strabo on Apellicon’s Library”. Rheinisches Museum für Philologie 140.3/4 (1997) 290-298.
A. Lintott, Imperium Romanum: Politics and Administration. Routledge 1993.
D. Magie, rev.ed., Roman Rule in Asia Minor: To the End of the Third Century After Christ, Vol. I. Princeton University Press 2015.
W.C. McDermott, “Caesar’s Projected Dacian-Parthian Expedition”. Ancient Society 13/14 (1982/1983) 223-231.
E. Mcgowan, Maussollos’mnema. Olivier Henry. 2èmes Rencontres d’archéologie de l’IFEA: Le Mort dans la ville Pratiques, contextes et impacts des inhumations intra-muros en Anatolie, du début de l’Age du Bronze à l’époque romaine., Nov 2011, Istanbul, Turkey. IFEA – Ege yayınları (2013) 157-174, Rencontres d’Archéologie de l’IFEA.
A. R. Meadows, “Stratonikeia in Caria: the Hellenistic City and its Coinage”. Numismatic Chronicle (1966-) 162 (2002), 79-134.
F. Millar, “Triumvirate and Principate”. Journal of Roman Studies 63 (1973) 50-67.
L. Moretti, Iscrizioni storiche ellenistiche, 3 vols. Florence 1967-1975.
M. Nafissi, “Le Iscrizioni Del Monumento Per Gli Ecatomnidi: Edizione e Commento Storico”. Studi Classici e Orientali 62/2, Epigrafi Di Iasos Nuovi Supplementi, II (2015) 63-99.
J. Osgood, “Eloquence under the Triumvirs”. American Journal of Philology 127.4 (2006) 525-551.
S. Pothecary, “The Expression ‘Our Times’ in Strabo’s Geography”. Classical Philology 92/3 (1997) 235-246.
J. Reynolds, Aphrodias and Rome. London 1982.
L. Robert, Hellenica: recueil d’épigraphie, de numismatique et d’antiquités grecques, Vol. VII. Paris: Librairie d’Amérique et d’Orient, Adrien-Maisonneuve 1949.
F. Rumscheid, “Milas”; “Milas 1995”; “Milas 1996”, Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı XIII, I. Cilt, Ankara 1995, 77-98; XIV, I. Cilt, Ankara 1996, 123-140; XV, II. Cilt, Ankara 1998, 393-408.
F. Rumscheid, “Der Tempel des Augustus und der Roma in Mylasa. Eine creative Mischung östlicher und westlicher Architektur”. Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts 119 (2004) 131-178.
R. Sherk, Roman Documents from the Greek East. Baltimore 1969.
M. Snowdon, Greek Freedom and Roman Hegemony: The Transaction of Roman Rule in the Greek East (201 BCE- 14 CE) (PhD Thesis). McMaster University 2010.
B. Söğüt et al., “Ikonium’dan Akanthuslu Paye Kaidesi”. Cedrus 4 (2016) 187-2008.
R. Syme, “Who was Decidius Saxa ?”. Journal of Roman Studies 27/1 (1937) 127-137.
R. Syme, “The Allegiance of Labienus”. Journal of Roman Studies 28/2 (1938) 113-125.
R.D. Sullivan, Near Eastern Royalty and Rome, 100-30 BC. Toronto 1990.
W.B. Tyrrell, “Labienus’ Departure from Caesar in January 49 B.C.”. Historia 21 (1972), 424-440.
dmuzaffer68@gmail.com| https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-7270-2317
PDF İndir
PDF Görüntüle